Table 9.
Published molecular markers of genes putatively involved in resistance mechanisms of bed bugs (Cimex spp.)
| Resistance mechanism | Gene | Molecular assay | Primer sequence (5′˗3′) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kdr | V419 L | PCR and sequencing | F: AACCTGGATATACATGCCTTCAAGG; R: TGATGGAGATTTTGCCACTGATG |
[54, 157] |
| L925; I936F | PCR and sequencing | F: GGAATTGAAGCTGCCATGAAGTTG; R: TGCCTATTCTGTCGAAAGCCTCAG |
[54, 157] | |
| V419L | AS-PCR | F(V): ATTCCTGGGATCATTCTACCTCg; F(L): ATTCCTGGGATCATTCTACCTCc; R: TGATGGAGATTTTGCCACTGATG |
[90, 157] | |
| L925I | AS-PCR | F(L): ATTATGGGCAGAACAGTGGGTGCCc; F(I): ATTATGGGCAGAACAGTGGGTGCCa; R: TGCCTATTCTGTCGAAAGCCTCAG |
[90, 157] | |
| V419L | QS | F: GTCCGTGGCACATGTTGTTCTTCA; R: CTGATGGAGATTTTGCCACTGATGC; R: CCTCTTCAGCAGCTTCTTCTTCTTC (for sequencing) |
[160, 162] | |
| L925I | QS | F: GGTCTATCAGTTTTGAGGTCATTCAG; R: GGAGTTCGCCATCAGGGAATCTAT; F: GTGTTTAAGCTGGCTAAGTCATGGCC (For sequencing) |
[160, 162] | |
| M918I; L1014F | PCR and sequencing | F: GGAATTGAAGCTGCCATGAAGTTG; R: TGCCTATTCTGTCGAAAGCCTCAG |
[17] | |
| Penetration resistance | Contig_1766 (CDA) | qRT-PCR | F: TGAATGCTATAAGAATCGTA; R: ATTACCAATACACCAACAA |
[92] |
| Contig_1762 (CHS) |
qRT-PCR | F: TAATGAAGCAAGGCACTA; R: AATACTCCACACGATACC |
[92] | |
| Contig_48951 (CPAP) | qRT-PCR | F: GTCCTCAGCACCAATCGT; R: GTTGTTGGAACTGTTGTTGATG |
[92] | |
| Contig_17694 (LCP) | qRT-PCR | F: GCCACTACTATAACAGAG; R: ATTACCTCCAAGATTGAAT |
[92] | |
| Contig_21630 (PCP) | qRT-PCR | F: CCAGATAATTCAAGAGATG; R: AGTCTAATCGGTCTATATG |
[92] | |
| Contig_24229 | qRT-PCR | F: CGCCAGGGCCGAGGAGTATG; R: ACGGGGTCGGCGGTGTAGTCT |
[94] | |
| Contig_24231 | qRT-PCR | F: CGACGATCATCCCCAATACAGTTT; R: AGGGGCGGCTTTAGCGACCACA |
[94] | |
| Contig_24227 | qRT-PCR | F: TTTCTTTTGGCAGCTTTGGTTGTA; R: CCTGCTTTCGGTCTGGGATTTG |
[94] | |
| Contig_24230 | qRT-PCR | F: GACTACTACGCCCACCCGAAATAC; R: GTGAGCAGCGTGGCCAGTCTTGTG |
[94] | |
| Contig_24228 | qRT-PCR | F: TCCCGCTGTTACCAAGACTCAATG; R: GCCAAAGCGACTGCAGGTGTATC |
[94] | |
| Contig_2034 | qRT-PCR | F: TACCGTTAATGCTGCTACACCAA; R: TCCCGAGGCGACGAAACCACT |
[94] | |
| Contig_1629 | qRT-PCR | F: AGGCCAGTCCAACACAACCAAC; R: TGCTGCCGTCCTCATTCTCC |
[94] | |
| Contig_3037 | qRT-PCR | F: ACGGCAGGATGGTCGAAGATTATG; R: AGGACGAGGGGCGGGCTGTGGT |
[94] | |
| Contig_2322 | qRT-PCR | F: CGAACCTGCCGGAAGTGACATAAA; R: TTGCGGCTGGTAGTACTGAGGTTG |
[94] | |
| Contig_773 | qRT-PCR | F: GCCGTTGAGCAGCAGCGATAA; | [94] | |
| R: CGTGGGGCGGAAGAAGGATT | ||||
| Contig_2220 | qRT-PCR | F: ATGGCACCAGGAGGGGAACTTA; R: GGTACTGGGGCTGGGCTCTGT |
[94] | |
| Contig_1833 | qRT-PCR | F: ACAATTCGGTGGTGCCCCTTTCT; R: TCGGCGACGTAGCTGACCTGGAC |
[94] | |
| Contig_820 | qRT-PCR | F: ATCAGCAGCCAAGTCGTAGGAAGC; R: GGAGGGGTTGGGAGGTGGTCT |
[94] | |
| Contig_934 | qRT-PCR | F: ACACCACTCCCGTTCCCATCGTC; R: CGTTCTCGTCGGCGGTGTAAGTCA |
[94] | |
| Contig_2492 | qRT-PCR | F: CGGTATCTCGGCGAAGGAACAG; R: GCGGCGTAGGGAGATGAGCA |
[94] | |
| Contig_22513 | qRT-PCR | F: CGACGGAACATACAACTGGGAATA; R: GTCGGCGGTGTAGGTCAACTGGAT |
[90] | |
| Contig_15313 | qRT-PCR | F: ACGGAACCCATCCCGATCCTTAAA; R: ATGCCGTTACCGGTTTCGTATTCC |
[90] | |
| Contig_02621 | qRT-PCR | F: ACTCCTGAAGTCCAAGCAGCAAGA; R: TCGGAAGGGTTGTCCAAATCGTGA |
[90] | |
| Contig_8158 | qRT-PCR | F: CCAAGCGGTCAAAGCAGCACATTT; R: AGCCTAGCGAGAGCTTGGTTGTAA |
[90] | |
| Metabolic resistance [1] P450s |
CYP9 (Contig No.: N/A) |
qRT-PCR | N/A | [104] |
| CYP6DM2 (Contig No.: N/A) |
qRT-PCR | F: CCCCCTTATGCTACCCGTTTGA; R: TTCGTCCTTTTTATGTCCGTCTGC |
[113] | |
| CYP397A1 (Contig No.: N/A) |
qRT-PCR | F: CTCGGGCTCACCACTCTCAACA; R: ACCGTCATGGCTCCCGTCAG |
[113] | |
| CYP400A1 (Contig No.: N/A) |
qRT-PCR | F: CCTGCGCGTTCGGAGTCAATA; R: CATCGGCTAAATAGAGGAAAAAGT |
[113] | |
| Contig_19601 (CYP397A1V2) |
qRT-PCR | F: TCGGAGGAATGGAAGAAG; R: CGTCATGGTATGGATGGT |
[92] | |
| Contig_103 (CYP6A2) |
qRT-PCR | F: AAGTTGTCCTAGAGTGTT; R: GAGATATGCGTGAATGTC |
[92] | |
| Contig_22399 (CYP6A13) |
qRT-PCR | F: CGTCATGGTATGGATGGT; R: TCGGAGGAATGGAAGAAG |
[92] | |
| Contig_11345 (CYP397A1) |
qRT-PCR | F: TATTGGAGTCGACAGGGCGTGAAA; R: TGACATCGCCCAATTGCTTGTAGC |
[90] | |
| Contig_03764 (CYP398A1) |
qRT-PCR | F: TGTCGACCCAATGATGGCTCTGAA; R: GAAATTGGAGGCCGATTTGGCGAT |
[90] | |
| Contig_04490 (CYP6DN1) |
qRT-PCR | F: GCGAGTCTGGGAAATTGTGCATGAAT; R: AATGCCCGATTACGATGTCAGGGA |
[90] | |
| Contig_04099 (CYP4CM1) |
qRT-PCR | F: ATTGGTAACATTGGAGGCCCTGGA; R: AGAGATTTGCCTTACCACCAGCGA |
[90] | |
| ClCPR (Contig No. N/A) |
qRT-PCR | F: TATGCCGCAGAATACGGACAACTC; R: ACCTGCAAATTCTTCACCAGTGCC |
[122] | |
| [2] Esterases | CE3959 (Contig No. N/A) |
qRT-PCR | F: ACGTCTGGAGAAGGGCAACTGAAA; R: GACGGCCGGGTAGATGAAAACAAC |
[90, 113] |
| CE21331 (Contig_03262) |
qRT-PCR | F: TCTCACGGGGACGAACTGCCTTAT; R: CCTGGTCTTCTGGGTATTTCTTCA |
[90, 113] | |
| [3] GSTs | gsts 1 (Contig No. N/A) |
qRT-PCR | F: AGGAGAGCCAGTTAGATTTATGTT; R: AAGCGATTCCCACCGATTTT |
[113] |
| [4] ABC- Transporters | Contig_1346 | qRT-PCR | F: TGCTCTACATAATTCTGACAT; R: GTAGGACGGTATGAGGTA |
[92] |
| Contig_08506 (Abc8) |
qRT-PCR | F: ATCCTGATGGGCCGAGTAAACCAT; R: TTCTGGAGGTGACCGTCAAGTTGT |
[90] | |
| Contig_02154 (Abc9) |
qRT-PCR | F: TTTAGCAACCGATGTGACGCAAGC; R: TGACCCAGACGTTGTCAACACAGA |
[90] | |
| Contig_05955 (Abc10) |
qRT-PCR | F: TCACAGCGGTCTTCCTGGATTCTT; R: AACTTCTGCGCGCACATTAGAACG |
[90] | |
| Contig_09403 (Abc11) |
qRT-PCR | F: ATGCAGCTCAGTAGGGTCGTCTTT; R: CGGGCCAAAGTCAAATCAGCACAT |
[90] |
Abbreviation N/A Not applicable, AS-PCR Allele-Specific PCR, QS Quantitative Sequencing qRT-PCR quantitative Real-Time PCR, F Forward primer, R Reverse primer