. 2017 Jun 30;8:696. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00696

Table 2.

Relative frequencies of detection of each immune factor in human milk within each population.

	ETU (N = 40)	GBR (N = 40)	GBU (N = 40)	GN (N = 40)	KE (N = 42)	PE (N = 43)	SP (N = 41)	SW (N = 24)	USC (N = 19)	USW (N = 41)	p-Value^*
IL1β	73^a	83^a	70^a	98^a	98^a	72^a	56^ab	58^ab	84^a	24^b	<0.001
IL6	35^ab	75^a	50^ab	33^ab	69^a	42^ab	41^ab	33^ab	47^ab	19^b	<0.001
IL12	13^a	68^bc	30^ab	75^c	24^a	74^c	17^a	13^a	10^a	0^a	<0.001
INFγ	25^ab	40^a	18^ab	18^ab	26^ab	26^ab	2^b	8^ab	10^ab	0^b	<0.001
TNFα	100^a	83^ab	30^c	85^ab	62^abc	39^bc	44^bc	67^abc	79^abc	76^abc	<0.001
IL2	0	0	0	18	0	0	0	0	0	0
IL4	33^a	23^ab	0^bc	33^a	14^abc	7^bc	2^bc	0^c	5^bc	0^c	<0.001
IL10	63^a	98^a	95^a	90^a	100^a	79^a	78^a	0^b	0^b	0^b	<0.001
IL13	100^a	68^ab	45^b	68^ab	67^ab	86^ab	83^ab	50^b	53^ab	66^b	<0.001
IL17	10	15	8	18	21	9	5	0	5	0	0.022
IL5	43^abd	65^bd	0^c	15^ac	60^bd	5^c	7^ac	8^ac	0^c	0^c	<0.001
IL7	100^a	100^a	93^a	73^b	100^a	100^a	93^a	100^a	100^a	100^a	<0.001
IgA	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	1
IgM	100	100	100	100	100	98	100	96	100	100	1
IgG	100	100	100	100	100	98	100	96	100	100	1
TGFβ2	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	96	100	100	0.114
IL8	100^a	100^a	100^a	100^a	100^a	100^a	100^a	100^a	100^a	90^b	<0.001
GROα	100^a	100^a	100^a	80^b	100^a	100^a	100^a	100^a	100^a	88^ab	<0.001
MCP1	85^ab	85^ab	83^ab	95^a	90^ab	65^ab	78^ab	46^bc	58^abc	17^c	<0.001
MIP1β	100^a	100^a	98^a	98^a	100^a	98^a	95^a	92^a	95^a	51^b	<0.001
GCSF	93^a	73^a	25^bc	98^a	90^a	79^a	71^a	50^abc	63^ab	10^c	<0.001
GMCSF	10^a	3^a	5^a	50^b	5^a	5^a	7^a	0^a	0^a	0^a	<0.001
EGF	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	1

ETU, urban Ethiopia; GBR, rural Gambia; GBU, urban Gambia; GN, Ghana; KE, Kenya; PE, Peru; SP, Spain; SW, Sweden; USC, USA/California; USW, USA/Washington; EGF, epidermal growth factor; GCSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GMCSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

*Kruskal–Wallis test. Different caption letters mean statistical differences when the post hoc pairwise comparison Nemenyi test was done.