Table 3.
Median concentration (in nanograms per liter) and interquartile ranges for the factors in human milk associated to innate immunity.
| Location | IL1β | IL6 | IL12 | INFγ | TNFα |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ETU | 0.57 (0.25–0.87)abc | 15.37 (1.33–62.86)ab | 2.61 (0.64–22,07)ab | 10.93 (6.20–25.18) | 4.67 (3.39–7.00)ab |
| GBR | 0.40 (0.28–1.08)abc | 7.06 (3.56–16.10)ab | 4.16 (2.82–8.11)a | 26.57 (18.35–38.66) | 8.63 (5.23–13.50)b |
| GBU | 0.52 (0.24–3.43)ab | 12.51 (4.14–31.86)ab | 1.71 (1.23–4.23)ab | 19.25 (12.52–44.75) | 1.27 (0.91–2.32)a |
| GN | 0.74 (0.39–1.95)a | 4.03 (1.10–16.23)ab | 2.04 (1.20–3.03)ab | 15.52 (1.14–116.47) | 4.67 (3.68–7.46)ab |
| KE | 0.98 (0.61–1.70)a | 12.85 (5.80–43.19)a | 4.46 (1.85–5.79)a | 31.84 (21.16–82.65) | 6.83 (2.08–12.47)ab |
| PE | 0.52 (0.24–1.15)abc | 5.11 (1.83–19.52)ab | 1.71 (1.23–2.97)ab | 18.33 (9.94–53.78) | 3.65 (1.26–12.68)ab |
| SP | 1.14 (0.27–2.61)ab | 12.69 (6.13–19.21)a | 0.86 (0.12–0.96)b | 4.70 (4.70–4.70) | 3.18 (1.76–4.98)a |
| SW | 0.32 (0.26–1.21)abc | 3.48 (2.81–5.39)ab | 0.78 (0.61–37.71)ab | 8.06 (1.28–14.85) | 3.65 (1.50–5.54)a |
| USW | 0.17 (0.11–0.58)bc | 3.61 (1.07–10.33)ab | 0.77 (0.61–0.94)ab | 21.35 (2.16–40.55) | 4.98 (2.83–7.07)ab |
| USC | 0.12 (0.06–0.25)c | 2.13 (0.18–4.94)b | nd | nd | 4.45 (1.72–7.07)a |
| p-Value* | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.258 | <0.001 |
Results are expressed as median (IQR). nd, below detection limit. ETU, urban Ethiopia; GBR, rural Gambia; GBU, urban Gambia; GN, Ghana; KE, Kenya; PE, Peru; SP, Spain; SW, Sweden; USC, USA/California; USW, USA/Washington.
*Kruskal–Wallis test. Different caption letters mean statistical differences when the post hoc pairwise comparison Nemenyi test was done.