Table 5.
Median and interquartile ranges for the measured concentrations of chemokines and growth factors in human milk.
| Location | IL8 | Chemokines |
Growth factors |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GROα | MCP1 | MIP1β | GCSF | GMCSF | EGF | ||||||
| ETU | 54.01 (27.55–152.11)ad | 5.63 (3.14–11.75)ad | 132.62 (49.71–338.41)ab | 24.75 (14.53–57.33)ad | 79.91 (43.77–134.61)a | 8.63 (2.80–12.16) | 4.65 (3.63–5.70)ac | ||||
| GBR | 59.56 (44.44–167.65)a | 4.19 (1.72–8.05)ab | 175.50 (70.43–612.74)ab | 23.01 (11.46–47.96)ab | 51.38 (32.08–99.01)ab | 9.99 (9.99–9.99) | 3.97 (3.51–5.24)ab | ||||
| GBU | 98.52 (36.06–278.61)a | 1.36 (0.71–3.98)bc | 147.31 (69.24–465.11)ab | 9.48 (5.50–16.84)bc | 48.19 (24.53–248.00)ab | 13.44 (2.33–24.55) | 3.53 (2.78–4.95)ab | ||||
| GN | 6.74 (2.29–17.36)b | 0.27 (0.05–0.74)c | 126.00 (45.79–260.11)ab | 4.24 (2.71–9.15)ce | 47.10 (33.76–63.58)ab | 23.36 (8.18–42.91) | 3.20 (2.21–4.11)b | ||||
| KE | 85.62 (59.15–228.34)a | 8.96 (3.00–13.75)a | 252.51 (109.92–807.72)a | 33.11 (19.38–75.79)a | 47.32 (17.45–87.68)ab | 10.39 (9.58–11.21) | 4.95 (4.10–6.12)ac | ||||
| PE | 67.90 (30.30–143.28)ac | 11.01 (3.78–15.02)ab | 148.70 (66.41–308.81)ab | 14.24 (6.74–28.35)bd | 50.20 (13.72–125.33)ab | 11.84 (1.79–21.89) | 4.19 (3.68–4.62)ab | ||||
| SP | 72.08 (27.73–183.59)ac | 6.19 (3.61–10.15)ad | 156.57 (59.10–307.49)ab | 30.70 (15.17–74.08)ad | 18.33 (4.88–59.06)bd | 12.87 (0.44–23.83) | 5.96 (4.73–6.85)cd | ||||
| SW | 11.66 (4.12–23.24)b | 1.31 (0.54–5.71)bde | 35.18 (18.60–231.82)b | 9.42 (3.01–24.23)bc | 1.29 (0.88–2.97)c | nd | 8.29 (6.12–10.78)d | ||||
| USC | 22.30 (10.94–27.20)bcd | 3.82 (0.95–7.19)ab | 52.60 (24.19–142.64)ab | 19.12 (3.41–31.09)abd | 3.13 (1.94–6.51)cd | nd | 9.42 (6.22–10.55)d | ||||
| USW | 5.19 (2.57–12.19)b | 0.34 (0.21–0.73)ce | 14.31 (12.33–127.92)b | 2.85 (1.37–7.68)e | 0.85 (0.18–1.36)c | nd | 6.85 (5.76–8.51)d | ||||
| p-value* | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.496 | <0.001 | ||||
Concentrations of GROα and EGF are expressed as micrograms per liter and the concentrations of other chemokines and growth factors as nanograms per liter.
Results are expressed as median (IQR). nd, below detection limit.
ETU, urban Ethiopia; GBR, rural Gambia; GBU, urban Gambia; GN, Ghana; KE, Kenya; PE, Peru; SP, Spain; SW, Sweden; USC, USA/California; USW, USA/Washington; EGF, epidermal growth factor; GCSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GMCSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
*Kruskal–Wallis test. Different caption letters mean statistical differences when the post hoc pairwise comparison Nemenyi test was done.