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. 2017 Feb 24;20(7):550–561. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx017

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© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of CINP.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 1. — Examination of anxiety-like behavior using elevated plus maze (A-B), light-dark (C-D), open field (E-F), and marble burrow (G-H) tests in the control or socially defeated (SD) rats with/without grape powder (GP) treatment after protective protocol (A, C, E, G) and reversal protocol (B, D, F, H). Rats subjected to SD spent significantly less time in the open arm of the EPM, lit area of the LD box, and center area of the open field arena that was protected and reversed with GP treatment. NC, naïve control; GPNC, naïve control rats pretreated with GP; CE, control exposure; GPSD, socially defeated rats pretreated with GP; NCGP, GP-treated naïve control rats; SDPL, SD rats treated with placebo; SDGP, SD rats treated with GP. *Significantly different from NC, GPNC/NCGP, and CE; **significantly different from SD/SDPL, P < .05. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 10 to 12 rats/group.