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. 2017 Feb 24;20(7):550–561. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx017

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© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of CINP.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 3. — Examination of memory using radial-arm water maze (RAWM) memory test in control or socially defeated (SD) rats treated with/without grape powder (GP). Rats subjected to SD exhibited impaired short (A-B) and long-term memory (C-D) compared with control groups that was protected (A, C) and reversed (B, D) with GP treatment. NC, naïve control; GPNC, naïve control rats pretreated with GP; CE, control exposure; GPSD, socially defeated rats pretreated with GP; NCGP, GP-treated naïve control rats; SDPL, SD rats treated with placebo; SDGP, SD rats treated with GP. *Significantly different from NC, GPNC/NCGP, and CE; **significantly different from SD/SDPL, P < .05. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 10 to 12 rats/group.