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. 2017 Jun 15;17(6):1406. doi: 10.3390/s17061406

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Nyquist diagram (Z_im vs. Z_re) for the Faradaic impedance measurement of a sensing chip in PBS (pH 7.4) containing 2 mM [Fe(CN)₆]^3−/4− over the course of the surface functionalization reaction. A gold electrode (a) was treated with 11-mercapto-1-undecanol (b), epichlorohydrin (c), and mucin (d). Impedance spectra were measured within the frequency ranging from 0.1 to 1000 Hz at the formal potential of the [Fe(CN)₆]^3−/4− redox couple. The amplitude of the alternative voltage was 5 mV. The inset shows an enlarged plot for a bare gold electrode.