Table 3.
The list of species used for construction, furniture and other handicrafts
| Latin name | Local name | Local name (Chines characters) | No. of citations | Part | Use | Voucher numbers, begin with WUK Kang |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinus tabuliformis Carrière | songmu | 松木 | 37 | wood | house construction esp. roofs, furniture, ladders, beehives | K198 |
| Prunus stellipila Koehne | kutao | 苦桃 | 34 | wood | mainly furniture and chopping boards | K101,103 |
| Pinus armandii Franch. | madengsong | 马灯松 | 31 | wood | house construction, furniture, doors, windows, ladders | K157 |
| Betula albosinensis Burkill | honghua, huamu, | 红桦,桦木 | 30 | wood and bark | wood for chopping boards, stools, also rolling pins; bark for hats and steamers | K164 |
| Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. | shuiquliu | 水曲柳 | 30 | wood | highly valued for furniture, also window frames, handles (esp. spades), carrying sticks etc. | K140 |
| Castanea mollissima Blume | maoli | 毛栗 | 27 | wood | best for electricity posts and for boards in bridges, also pig troughs, roof elements, door frames | k132 |
| Cornus kousa F.Buerger ex Hance | shizao | 石枣子 | 26 | wood | handles (axe, hoe, sickle), also rolling pins and stone grinder axes, and firewood | K155 |
| Meliosma dilleniifolia (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Walp. | linshu, xiangnongmu | 林寿,降龙木 | 26 | wood | highly valued for handles (esp. hoe, spade and rake) - very smooth and durable | K118 |
| Populus purdomii Rehder | dongguayang, baiyang, yangshu | 冬瓜杨,白杨,杨树 | 26 | wood | mainly for bee-hives, also “cuopiao” grain shovels | K180 |
| Tilia olivieri Szyszył. and T. paucicostata Maxim. | duanmu, duanshu | 椴木(树) | 26 | bark and wood | mainly bark for shoes, also wood for beehives, ladders, musical instruments, boxes and furniture | K184, K187 |
| Catalpa fargesii Bureau | tangqiu | 唐楸 | 23 | wood | mainly for barrels, also for furniture due to its attractive texture and grain | K113 |
| Phyllostachys sp. | shuizhu, jinzhu, banzhu, zhuzi | 水竹,金竹,斑竹,竹子 | 23 | above ground parts | mainly baskets, also basket handles, fishing rods, washing up brushes | K133, K134 |
| Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata Maxim. | gangmu | 杠木 | 23 | wood | construction esp. for beams, pillars, floor boards; best for firewood, also handles and “muer” mushroom cultivation | K181 |
| Tsuga chinensis (Franch.) Pritz. | zaosong | 枣松 | 22 | wood | mainly coffins and furniture, also construction (eg roof rafters) and barrels | K148 |
| Morus australis Poir. | sangmu | 桑木 | 21 | wood | carrying sticks | K156 |
| Philadelphus incanus Koehne | jigutou | 鸡骨头 | 18 | wood | walking sticks | K163 |
| Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle | baichun | 白椿 | 17 | wood | furniture, esp. boards for windows and doors, also for table and chair legs and chopping boards | K177 |
| Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco | baimu, xiangbai | 柏木,香柏 | 17 | wood | mainly water barrels and containers, and coffins | K121 |
| Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem. | hongchun | 红椿 | 17 | wood | mainly for furniture, windows and door planks | K144 |
| Cornus controversa Hemsl. | liangzimu | 梁子木 | 15 | wood | hard wood for chopping boards, furniture legs and rolling pins, also for handles | K109, K128 |
| Pyrus sp. | limu | 梨木 | 15 | wood | mainly chopping boards | K165 |
| Quercus variabilis Blume | xiangmu, xiangshu | 橡木(树) | 15 | wood and bark | best for firewood, handles (basket, axe, plough), bark for industry and shoe soles, “muer” mushroom cultivation, furniture, boards | K160 |
| Berchemia sinica C.K.Schneid | yagutiao | 牙骨条 | 14 | wood | mainly for walking sticks, cattle harnesses and basket handles, also pitch-fork fingers | K126 |
| Cotinus coggygria Scop. | huanglou | 黄栌 | 14 | wood | mainly for roof elements supporting tiles, also for “mu” harrows and fence posts | K119 |
| Magnolia sprengeri Pamp. | jiangbo, mubieshu | 姜剥 | 14 | wood | mainly for high quality chopping boards | K138 |
| Paulownia tomentosa Steud. | tongmu | 桐木 | 14 | wood | mainly for beehives, also barrels, pot covers, ladders, coffins and low-weight boards | K170 |
| Toxicondendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley | qimu, qishu | 漆木(树) | 14 | wood and secretion | mainly for electricity posts, also for barrels, fences, boards under tiles, stem sap used for lacquer | K152 |
| Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa & Pradeep | geteng, getiao | 葛藤,葛条 | 13 | wood | fibre for shoes, ropes and baskets | K143 |
| Fargesia nitida (Mitford) Keng f. ex T.P.Yi | songhuazhu, zhuzi | 松花竹,竹子 | 12 | above-ground parts | brooms and baskets | K188 |
| Populus cathayana Rehder | baiyang, yangmu | 白杨,杨木 | 12 | wood | mainly construction material and ladders, also fence posts, troughs and shovels | K127 |
| Abies fargesii Franch. | pumu, pusong | 朴木,朴松 | 11 | wood | construction, coffins, ladders | K125 |
| Salix sp. | liu, liumu, liutiao | 柳,柳木,柳条 | 10 | wood, year-old twigs, bark | shovels, twigs for baskets, bark for shoes, also firewood | K158 |
| Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc. | zaopi | 枣皮 | 9 | wood | mainly handles (spades, axes) and firewood, also ploughs | K189 |
| Pterocarya macroptera Batalin | maliu | 麻柳 | 9 | wood and bark | wood, mainly shovels and dustpans, bark for making shoes | K147 |
| Ulmus macrocarpa Hance | yumu | 榆木 | 9 | wood | a variety of small objects: “ciba” hammers, “mu” harrows, ladders, basket handles, ploughs, furniture | K174 |
| Amelanchier sinica (C.K.Schneid.) Chun | hongshenzi, hongshunzi | 红绳子,红顺子 | 8 | wood | mainly handles (for hoe, axe, rake), baskets | K106 |
| Juglans regia L. | hetao | 核桃 | 8 | wood | furniture, feet of door frames | K137 |
| Quercus spinosa David | tiejiamu | 铁匠木 | 8 | wood | mainly for handles (hoe, axe), wooden hammers, rolling pins, axes of stone grinders, firewood | K159 |
| Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miq. | baihuacha | 百花茶 | 8 | wood | handles (sickle, hoe, axe, spade) | K131 |
| Buxus sinica (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) M.Cheng | huangyang | 黄杨 | 7 | wood | very hard wood, the best material for rolling pins and carving elements of Chinese board games “xianqi” and “majiang” | K167 |
| Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. | duzhong | 杜仲 | 6 | wood | a very good handle for hoes, material for “ciba” hammers | K190 |
| Fraxinus platypoda Oliv. | baixingmu | 白芯木 | 6 | wood | handles (axe, spade), also furniture esp. legs | K117 |
| Sorbus folgneri (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder | baishenzi | 白绳子 | 6 | wood | handles (hoe, axe, spade) | K108 |
| Acer stachyophyllum Hiern (syn. Acer tetramerum Pax) | hongliu | 红柳 | 5 | wood | handles, esp. hoe, spade and pick-axe | K175 |
| Juglans mandshurica Maxim. | mahetao | 麻核桃 | 5 | bark | bark for shoes and ropes | K191 |
| Picea wilsonii Mast. | zimu | 紫木 | 5 | wood | construction and coffin boards | K124 |
| Stachyurus chinensis Franch. | tonghuagan | 通花杆 | 5 | wood | mainly rolling pins, also arms of scales, walking sticks, instruments for blowing fire | K149 |
| Cannabis sativa L. | huoma | 火麻 | 4 | annual above ground parts | fibre for shoes and ropes | K192 |
| Prunus tomentosa Thunb. | chuantao | 川桃 | 4 | wood | “lianjia” flails, basket handles, firewood | K161 |
| Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J.Scott | saozhoucai | 扫帚菜 | 3 | above-ground parts | brooms | |
| Betula luminifera H.J.P.Winkl. | miaoyumu | 描榆木 | 3 | wood | carrying sticks, firewood | K120 |
| Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Hér. ex Vent. | goushu | 构树 | 3 | bark | bark for shoes and ropes | K176 |
| Juniperus chinensis L. | baishu, yabei | 柏树,崖柏 | 3 | wood | decorative roots (“gendiao”), body ornaments due to pleasant smell, furniture | K129 |
| Lonicera standishii Jacques | jigutou, paoer, yangnaishu | 鸡骨头,泡儿,羊奶树 | 3 | wood | walking sticks, handles (sickle, axe), rolling pins | K145 |
| Maackia hupehensis Takeda | chouhuai, honghuai | 臭槐,红槐 | 3 | wood | ladders, stools, handles (wheel barrows) | K182 |
| Prunus davidiana (Carriere) Franch. | shantao | 山桃 | 3 | wood | chopping boards, rolling pins, branches to drive ghosts away | K169 |
| Viburnum betulifolium Batalin | cusuantiao, nuomitiao | 苦酸条,糯米条 | 3 | wood | axe handles, rolling pins, rakes, “mu” harrows | K142 |
| Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv. | zhenzi | 榛子 | 2 | wood | handles (hoe, axe), frames for garden climbers | K171 |
| Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold | bashu | 巴树(木) | 2 | wood | “mu” harrows | K193 |
| Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz. | ciqiu | 刺楸 | 2 | wood | furniture | K122 |
| Paederia foetida L. | hongteng, jishiteng | 红藤,鸡屎藤 | 2 | wood | baskets, ropes | K194 |
| Rhododendron sp. | doujuan, pipa | 杜鹃,枇杷 | 2 | wood | rolling pins, “xiba” washing sticks | K173 |
| Rhus potaninii Maxim. | wubeizi | 五倍子 | 2 | wood | electricity posts, barrels | K151 |
| Sophora japonica L. | huaimu, huaishu | 槐木(树) | 2 | wood | furniture, chopping boards | K183 |
| Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis (Pilg.) Florin | hongdoushan | 红豆杉 | 2 | wood | barrels and containers for water | K123 |
| Viburnum schensianum Maxim. | heichagun | 黑茶棍 | 2 | wood | mainly wooden fork fingers, also basket handles, “mu” harrows, “lianjia” flails | K179 |
| Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. | mutong | 木通 | 1 | wood | ropes | |
| Betula platyphylla Sukachev | huashu | 桦树 | 1 | wood | firewood | K153 |
| Caragana arborescens Lam. | yangqiuhua | 洋秋花 | 1 | wood | brushes for cleaning kitchen pots, “mu” harrow teeth | K186 |
| Cephalotaxus sinensis (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) H.L.Li | shubai | 水柏 | 1 | wood | basket handles | K195 |
| Chaenomeles sinensis (Dum.Cours.) Koehne | muguahaitang | 木瓜海棠 | 1 | wood | walking sticks | k196 |
| Crataegus cuneata Siebold & Zucc. | yeshanza | 野山楂 | 1 | wood | chopping boards, table legs | K197 |
| Dipteronia sinensis Oliv. | shanmagan | 山麻杆 | 1 | wood | big barrels for water and alcohol fermentation | K116 |
| Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. | jianzici | 剪枝刺 | 1 | wood | pitch-forks | K136 |
| Juniperus squamata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | yabei | 崖柏 | 1 | wood | big barrels for water or spirits | K199 |
| Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii (Mayr) Pilg. | luoyesong | 落叶松 | 1 | wood | boards | K135 |
| Ligustrum sp. | duijetiao | 对节条 | 1 | wood | fork fingers | K162 |
| Malus pumila Mill. | pingguoshu | 苹果树 | 1 | wood | “ciba” hammers | K166 |
| Miscanthus sinensis Andersson | maocao | 茅草 | 1 | wood | roof thatching | K141 |
| Prunus sp. | choutao | 臭桃 | 1 | wood | chopping boards | K102 |
| Rhus chinensis Mill. | fulianzi | 伏莲子 | 1 | wood | charcoal for fireworks | K172 |
| Sorbaria kirilowii (Regel & Tiling) Maxim. | gaolianggan | 高粱杆 | 1 | wood | rolling pins | K185 |
| Vitex negundo L. | huangjintiao | 黄荆条 | 1 | wood | basket handles | k178 |