Table 1.
Characteristics of women in the lowest income quintile in Mesoamerica (2012–2013).
| Pooled sample | Chiapas (Mexico) | Guatemala | Honduras | Nicaragua | Panama | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observations | 7049 | 2446 | 2061 | 903 | 937 | 702 | |
| Modern contraceptive use | 58.2 | 49.8 | 27.5 | 69.2 | 82.2 | 15.3 | 0.000⁎ |
| [55.4–60.9] | [45.4–54.2] | [23.8–31.5] | [62.6–75.0] | [78.3–85.5] | [10.3–22.1] | ||
| Gravidity (average) | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 0.000⁎ |
| [3.6–4.1] | [3.6–4.1] | [3.7–4.1] | [3.2–3.8] | [2.8–3.3] | [3.3–3.8] | ||
| Fertility (average) | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 3.5 | 0.000⁎ |
| [3.3–3.6] | [3.6–4] | [3.6–3.9] | [3.1–3.6] | [2.7–3.1] | [3.2–3.7] | ||
| Had abortion or still birth | 8.6 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 12.2 | 10.1 | 5.6 | 0.052 |
| [7.4–10.0] | [6.1–9.3] | [5.7–9.3] | [9.0–16.3] | [7.2–14.0] | [3.7–8.5] | ||
| Age at first live birth | 0.002⁎ | ||||||
| No children | 3.7 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 4.3 | 5.5 | 4.4 | |
| [2.8–4.8] | [1.8–3.9] | [2.4–4.9] | [2.2–8.3] | [3.2–9.1] | [2.5–7.6] | ||
| 15 years or less | 3.7 | 3.4 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 4.9 | 9.4 | |
| [3.2–4.4] | [2.6–4.4] | [1.4–3.0] | [1.1–3.3] | [3.9–6.2] | [5.2–16.4] | ||
| 15–19 years | 58.6 | 57.5 | 58.5 | 60.9 | 60.4 | 51.3 | |
| [56.1–61.0] | [54.1–60.8] | [54.8–62.1] | [55.0–66.5] | [54.5–66.1] | [45.3–57.3] | ||
| 20–24 years | 26.0 | 27.0 | 28.3 | 27.8 | 23.0 | 24.1 | |
| [23.8–28.2] | [24.5–29.6] | [25.6–31.3] | [22.9–33.3] | [17.6–29.5] | [19.3–29.7] | ||
| 25 years or older | 8.1 | 9.5 | 7.7 | 5.1 | 6.2 | 10.7 | |
| [6.9–9.3] | [7.7–11.8] | [6.1–9.7] | [3.4–7.4] | [4.6–8.4] | [7.2–15.8] | ||
| Knows when one is more likely to get pregnant | 9.0 | 9.1 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 13.0 | 0.0 | 0.000⁎ |
| [7.5–10.8] | [6.9–11.8] | [2.3–5.2] | [2.5–5.6] | [9.8–17.1] | 0.0 | ||
| Poor household (less than $2 USD PPP per day) | 62.2 | 71.3 | 66.6 | 59.6 | 46.9 | 45.5 | 0.000⁎ |
| [58.9–65.4] | [66.3–75.8] | [62.8–70.1] | [54.0–65.0] | [40.5–53.4] | [36.6–54.8] | ||
| Extremely poor household (less than $1.25 USD PPP per day) | 38.8 | 48.6 | 42.2 | 33.9 | 22.3 | 32.7 | 0.000⁎ |
| [35.6–42.1] | [43.3–54.0] | [38.5–45.9] | [28.9–39.2] | [17.6–27.7] | [23.7–43.1] | ||
| Woman employed previous week | 8.8 | 6.6 | 2.6 | 7.9 | 14.8 | 7.9 | 0.000⁎ |
| [7.1–10.9] | [4.6–9.5] | [1.6–4.3] | [4.5–13.4] | [10.8–19.9] | [5.2–11.9] | ||
| Years of education (average) | 5.0 | 5.0 | 2.9 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 5.6 | |
| [4.6–5.4] | [4.6–5.4] | [2.5–3.3] | [4.5–5.6] | [4.7–6.5] | [4.8–6.3] | ||
| Highest education level attained: | 0.000⁎ | ||||||
| Did not complete primary education | 51.3 | 48.5 | 76.2 | 48.9 | 50.7 | 41.0 | |
| [47.7–54.8] | [43.9–53.1] | [72.0–79.9] | [42.3–55.5] | [41.7–59.6] | [33.3–49.0] | ||
| Completed primary education | 37.3 | 42.3 | 18.1 | 41.7 | 31.5 | 47.7 | 0.000⁎ |
| [34.7–39.9] | [38.5–46.2] | [15.8–20.7] | [36.2–47.4] | [26.2–37.4] | [40.5–55.0] | ||
| Completed secondary education or above | 11.5 | 9.2 | 5.7 | 9.4 | 17.8 | 11.4 | |
| [9.1–14.3] | [6.9–12.3] | [3.9–8.1] | [6.0–14.5] | [11.7–26.2] | [8.0–15.8] | ||
| Woman’s age | 0.040⁎ | ||||||
| 15–19 years | 8.7 | 6.8 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 11.8 | 6.4 | |
| [7.7–9.8] | [5.7–8.1] | [8.1–11.4] | [7.3–11.4] | [9.1–15.2] | [4.6–8.8] | ||
| 20–24 years | 17.8 | 16.2 | 18.3 | 18.8 | 20.1 | 18.8 | |
| [16.4–19.3] | [14.5–18.0] | [16.5–20.4] | [15.9–22.1] | [16.7–24.1] | [13.5–25.5] | ||
| 25–29 years | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.3 | 18.3 | 18.2 | 16.5 | |
| [16.5–19.4] | [16.2–19.6] | [15.5–19.3] | [15.1–22.0] | [14.6–22.4] | [13.2–20.5] | ||
| 30–34 years | 18.5 | 19.5 | 19.0 | 18.0 | 16.9 | 15.4 | |
| [16.9–20.2] | [17.1–22.2] | [16.6–21.7] | [14.7–21.9] | [14.0–20.3] | [11.7–20.1] | ||
| 35–39 years | 16.3 | 17.6 | 13.4 | 14.9 | 15.2 | 17.4 | |
| [14.6–18.2] | [15.4–20.2] | [11.5–15.5] | [11.8–18.8] | [11.4–19.9] | [12.4–23.9] | ||
| 40–44 years | 12.6 | 13.7 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 10.5 | 13.6 | |
| [11.1–14.3] | [11.8–15.9] | [10.6–15.3] | [9.5–16.9] | [7.1–15.1] | [10.2–18.0] | ||
| 45–49 years | 8.2 | 8.3 | 9.5 | 8.1 | 7.3 | 11.9 | |
| [7.0–9.5] | [6.5–10.4] | [7.6–11.9] | [5.3–12.1] | [5.4–9.9] | [6.9–19.6] | ||
| Indigenous ethnicity | 54.8 | 75.8 | 83.3 | 0.0 | 23.0 | 95.4 | 0.000⁎ |
| [49.8–59.7] | [68.5–81.8] | [76.3–88.5] | 0.0 | [12.3–39.0] | [90.5–97.8] | ||
| Received family planning advice at health facility | 31.3 | 32.4 | 15.7 | 30.0 | 34.8 | 24.9 | 0.000⁎ |
| [29.0–33.7] | [28.9–36.1] | [12.8–19.0] | [26.1–34.3] | [30.1–39.9] | [19.0–31.9] | ||
| Received family planning advice from community health worker | 16.5 | 22.4 | 12.1 | 15.5 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 0.000⁎ |
| [14.7–18.5] | [19.1–26.1] | [9.4–15.6] | [12.2–19.4] | [6.2–10.4] | [5.9–12.0] | ||
| Health facility more than 30 min away | 25.0 | 21.1 | 25.3 | 31.2 | 30.2 | 24.0 | 0.046⁎ |
| [21.8–28.6] | [16.6–26.4] | [20.9–30.4] | [24.1–39.2] | [22.8–38.8] | [15.3–35.6] | ||
| Visited health facility in past 12 months | 51.6 | 48.6 | 30.9 | 53.3 | 62.9 | 44.7 | 0.000⁎ |
| [48.9–54.3] | [44.4–52.9] | [26.7–35.5] | [47.4–59.1] | [57.1–68.4] | [36.3–53.4] | ||
| Has health insurance | 46.3 | 86.2 | 7.8 | 0.6 | 3.7 | 7.7 | 0.000⁎ |
| [44.2–48.5] | [83.6–88.4] | [5.1–12.0] | [0.3–1.3] | [1.7–8.0] | [4.9–11.9] |
Values are survey-weighted percentages of variables associated with contraceptive use by women in need from the poorest areas; 95% confidence intervals in brackets.
⁎
p<.05.