Skip to main content
. 2017 Jun 30;12(6):e0179685. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179685

Fig 4. Intervention effects on psychosocial outcomes calculated as Standardised Mean Difference (SMD) of change scores with 95% confidence interval.

Fig 4

A positive effect in quality of life, self-efficacy, and family functioning and a negative effect is psychological distress favour intervention. The diamonds show the pooled SMD based on random effects model. Notes: SED = Self-efficacy for diabetes; PedsQoL-D = Paediatric quality of life inventory: diabetes module; DQoLY = Diabetes Quality of life measure for youths (reverse scaling); PedsQoL-G = Paediatric quality of life inventory: generic scale; PAID = Problem Areas in Diabetes scale; SDQ = Strengths and difficulties Questionnaire- impact score; ECBI = Eyberg child behavior inventory; PIP = Paediatric Inventory for parents; WBQ = Well-being questionnaire (reverse scaling); DFRQ = Diabetes Family Responsibility Questionnaire (dyadic score in Christie (2014) and parental report in Murphy (2012)); DFCS = Diabetes family conflict scale; DFBS = Diabetes Family Behavior scale.