Table 1. Characteristics of included trials.
| First author (publication year) | Country (study name) | No of participants randomised (eligibility criteria) |
Mean (SD) % HbA1c at baseline | Mean (SD or range) duration of diabetes (years) | Mean (SD or range) age (years) | Intervention, setting, mode of delivery | Theoretical Model | Control group | Interventionist | Duration of intervention in months (except as noted) | Assessment points a (months) | Time in min spent on each session (No of sessions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bloomfield (1990) | Scotland | 48 (children <13 years with T1D > 3 months | 9.3 (1.5) | 2.8 (2.1) | 9.0 (3.0) | Semi-structured educational program, Community, Group of families | - | Usual care | D | 12 | 12 | 210 (10) |
| Howells (2002) | Scotland | 79 (children 12–24 years) | 8.8 (1.7) | 7.0 (4.5) | 16.8 (3.4) | Negotiated telephone support, Home, Child | SLT | Usual care | D | 12 | 12 | 9 (16) |
| Franklin (2006) | Scotland (Sweet Talk) | 64 (children 8–18 years with T1D >1 year) | 10.2 (1.7) | 4.1 (1.7–8.6) | 13.5 (10.5–15.6) | Automated text message support plus goal-setting education, Home, Child | SCT | Usual care | MDT | 12 | 12 | NA |
| Channon (2007) | Wales | 80 (adolescents 14–17 years with T1D >1 year) | 9.2 (1.9) | 9.2 (1.8) | 15.3 (1.1) | Motivational interviewing, Home & community, Child | MSA | Usual care plus additional support visits | PSY + N | 12 | 6, 12, 24 | 20–60 (4) |
| Murphy (2012) | UK (FACTS) |
305 (adolescents with T1D >1 year) | 9.3 (1.9) | 5.6 (3.4) | 13.2 (2.0) | Family-cantered structured program, Clinic, Group of families | SLT | Usual care | MDT | 6 | 9, 12, 18 | 90 (6) |
| Robling (2012) | UK (DEPICTED) | 693 (children 4–15 years with T1D >1 year) | 9.3 (1.8) | 5.1 (2.7) | 10.6 (2.8) | Training healthcare practitioners in consultation skills using eclectic approach, Clinic, Child with carer | CMCS | Usual care | MDT | 12 | 12 | 100 (3.5) |
| Coates (2013) | N. Ireland (CHOICE) | 135 (adolescents 13–19 years with T1D >1 year) | 8.9 (1.5) | 6.6 (3.8) | 15.4 (1.8) | Structured educational program, Clinic, Group of families | - | Usual care | N + D | 5 | 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 | 180 (4) |
| Doherty (2013) | UK (Triple P) |
90 (Parents of adolescents aged 11–17 years) | 8.5 (1.3) | 5.1 (3.4) | 13.5 (1.0) | Self-directed, web-based behavioural intervention, Home, Parents | SLT | Usual care | NA | 2.3 | 2.3 | 60 (10) |
| Christie (2014) | England (CASCADE) | 365 (Children 8–16 years with T1D >1 year & HbA1c ≥ 8.5%) | 10.0 (1.5) | 5.9 (3.3) | 13.2 (2.1) | Motivational interviewing, solution-focused brief therapy, Clinic, Group of families | MSA | Usual care | N + O | 4 | 12,24 | 120 (4) |
| Price (2016) | UK (KICk-OFF) |
480 (adolescents 11–16 years with T1D > 1 year) | 9.2 (1.7) | 5.6 (2.0) | 13.8 (1.5) | Intensive, structured education course, Community, Group of children | - | Usual care | N + D + O | 5 days | 6, 12, 24 | 420 (5) |
Notes: NA: not applicable, D: dietitian, PSY: psychologist, N: nurse, MDT: multidisciplinary team member, O: other, FACTS: Families, Adolescents, and Children Teamwork Study, DEPICTED: Development and Evaluation of a Psychosocial Intervention in Children and Teenagers Experiencing Diabetes, CHOICE: Carbohydrate, Insulin, Collaborative Education, CASCADE: Child and Adolescent Structured Competencies Approach to Diabetes Education, KICk-OFF: Kids In Control OF Food, SLT: Social Learning Theory, SCT: Social Cognitive Theory, MSA: Menu of Strategies Approach, CMCS: Consultation Model of Communication Styles
a from start of intervention