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. 2017 Jun 30;7:4477. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04750-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Detection of shikonin and its derivatives in the GL and RR lines of the three Lithospermeae plants (i.e., Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Arnebia euchroma and Echium plantagineum) by HPLC. (a) The ethanol extracts from the above three Lithospermeae plants, (b) standards, (c) LeGL, (d) LeRR, (e) AeGL, (f) AeRR, (g) EpGL, (h) EpRR; 1. Shikonin, 2. Acetylshikonin, 3. Deoxyshikonin, 4. Isobutylshikonin; 5. β, β’-Dimethylacrylshikonin, 6. α-Methyl-n-butyrylshikonin/Isovalerylshikonin (isomerized products can not be separated in this study). ^* β-Hydroxyisovalerylshikonin (inferential). ^#Unknown compound.