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. 2017 Jun 29;8:15991. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15991

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Friction evolution is presented for the experiments at two far-field loads, P=7.4 MPa (red) and P=23 MPa (blue) and angle α=29°. These curves correspond to the two ruptures shown in Figs 4a,b and 5a,c. Both cases show initial strengthening with slip rate (direct effect) followed by rate weakening, as captured by rate-and-state formulations. Note that the steady-state level of dynamic friction depends on the slip rate (f_d=0.39 for V_ss=0.87 m s⁻¹ and f_d=0.26 for V_ss=6.5 m s⁻¹).