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. 2017 Jun 29;8:15991. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15991

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) Experimental measurements of steady-state friction coefficient versus slip rate and fits with the standard rate-and-state friction formulation (green curve), and combined formulation of rate-and-state friction enhanced by flash heating (black curve). Our steady-state measurements are consistent with the combined formulation. Green dots are low-velocity measurements obtained in collaboration with Kilgore, Beeler, and Lu and reported in Lu³⁹. Red, blue, black and purple solid symbols are measurements obtained with the smallest field of view used in this study (18 × 11.2 mm²) and hence the highest level of accuracy. The green, black and purple empty diamonds are measurements with larger fields of view (up to 145 × 91 mm²) and lower levels of accuracy. (b) Experimental measurements of dynamic friction on quartzite samples²², showing similar behaviour for rocks, with significant slip-rate dependence of friction for high steady-state slip rates, consistent with the flash heating formulation. Note the different horizontal scale for the two plots.