Figure 2.

Perspective of microbial experimental evolution using Raman spectroscopy. Long-term cultures composed of single or multiple species are evolved in the presence or absence of varying levels of stressors. Population dynamics monitoring, as well as the characterization and isolation of emerging phenotypes (e.g. antibiotic-resistant mutants), could be performed by Raman spectral analysis, given the condition they exhibit different spectral markers (a specific pigment, amino acids, etc.), as suggested by recent studies [7–9].