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. 2017 Jun 14;14(131):20170332. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0332

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© 2017 The Author(s).

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 3. — Illustration of hidden exogenous and endogenous influences by an arbitrary example system. (a) Hidden exogenous influence. No significant temporal correlation between x₄ and w₁ is expected. (b) Hidden endogenous influence as a missing stimulatory interaction (arrow) from x₄ to x₁. Here, hidden influences w₄ and w₁ are highly negatively correlated. This is caused by a missing stimulating effect of x₄ on x₁. The decrease of x₄ is correlated with an increase of w₁. (c) Hidden endogenous influence as a missing inhibitory interaction. Here, hidden influences w₄ and w₁ have a strong positive correlation and compensate a missing inhibitory effect of x₄ on x₁. The increase of x₄ is correlated with an decrease of w₁. (d) Hidden endogenous influence as erroneous stimulation. Here, hidden influences w₄ and w₁ have a strong negative correlation. The increase of x₄ goes along with a decrease of w₁. (e) Hidden endogenous influence as an erroneous inhibition. The hidden influences w₁ and w₄ are concordant and correlate strongly with the state component x₄.