Table 1.
Participant Characteristics for the Overall Sample and Comparisons between Non-smokers and Smokers
| Characteristic n (%) | Total | Non-smokers (n=403) | Smokers (n=823) | χ2 (df) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 3.02 (1) | .08 | |||
| Male | 588 (48) | 179 (44.4) | 409 (49.7) | ||
| Female | 638 (52) | 224 (55.6) | 414 (50.3) | ||
| Age | 37.61 (3) | <.001 | |||
| 18–29 | 298 (24.3) | 68 (16.9) | 230 (27.9) | ||
| 30–44 | 387 (31.6) | 113 (28) | 274 (33.3) | ||
| 45–59 | 296 (24.1) | 109 (27) | 187 (22.7) | ||
| 60+ | 245 (20) | 113 (28) | 132 (16) | ||
| Race | 74.42 (6) | <.001 | |||
| White | 473 (38.6) | 217 (53.8) | 256 (31.1) | ||
| Black or African American | 358 (29.2) | 79 (19.6) | 279 (33.9) | ||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 49 (4) | 11 (2.7) | 38 (4.6) | ||
| Asian | 255 (20.8) | 74 (18.4) | 181 (22) | ||
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 32 (2.6) | 4 (1) | 28 (3.4) | ||
| Multiple Races | 39 (3.2) | 17 (4.2) | 22 (2.7) | ||
| Unknown | 20 (1.6) | 1 (0.2) | 19 (2.3) | ||
| Ethnicity | 16.60 (1) | <.001 | |||
| Hispanic | 178 (14.5) | 35 (8.7) | 143 (17.5) | ||
| Non-Hispanic | 1,040 (84.8) | 366 (90.8) | 674 (81.9) | ||
| Education | 5.42 (2) | .07 | |||
| High school or less | 261 (21.3) | 76 (18.9) | 185 (22.5) | ||
| Some college | 308 (25.1) | 92 (22.8) | 216 (26.2) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 657 (53.6) | 235 (58.3) | 422 (51.3) | ||
| Income ($1,000) | 0.79 (2) | .67 | |||
| <25 | 316 (25.8) | 101 (25.1) | 215 (26.1) | ||
| 25–59.9 | 505 (41.2) | 162 (40.2) | 343 (41.7) | ||
| >60 | 405 (33.0) | 140 (34.7) | 265 (32.2) | ||
| Ever tried | |||||
| Moist snuff | 261 (21.3) | 5 (1.2) | 256 (31.1) | 144.0 (1) | <.001 |
| Snus | 218 (17.8) | 6 (1.5) | 212 (25.8) | 109.0 (1) | <.001 |
| E-cigarettes | 447 (36.5) | 9 (2.2) | 438 (53.2) | 303.6 (1) | <.001 |
Note: The total numbers for demographic variables do not always add up to n=1,226 due to small amounts of missing data.