Figure 2.

Procedure of diagnosis and treatment of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. ∗ indicates that detection of antibodies should include CSF analysis. If only serum is available, in addition to cell-based assay (CBA), live neurons or tissue immunohistochemistry should be used as confirmatory test. ^&Supporting therapies include antiepileptic and antipsychotic treatments, respiratory and cardiac support, management of blood pressure and temperature, and prevention of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and bedsore. ^※Cyclophosphamide, rituximab, or both.