Table 1.

Nucleotide sequences of primers used in real-time PCR.

Gene	Primers	Nucleotide sequences 5′-3′
TGF-β1	Forward	5′-CGCAACAACGCAATCTATG-3′
	Reverse	5′-ACCAAGGTAACGCCAGGA-3′
Smad2	Forward	5′-ACTATACCCACTCCATTCCA-3′
	Reverse	5′-CACTATCACTTAGGCACTCG-3′
Smad3	Forward	5′-CCAGTGCTACCTCCAGTGTT-3′
	Reverse	5′-CTGGTGGTCGCTAGTTTCTC-3′
Smad7	Forward	5′-GGCTTTCAGATTCCCAACTTC-3′
	Reverse	5′-GGCTTTCAGATTCCCAACTTC-3′
GAPDH	Forward	5′-ATGATTCTACCCACGGCAAG-3′
	Reverse	5′-CTGGAAGATGGTGATGGGTT-3′