Table 2.
Markers based on ROS-induced modifications.
| Markers | Methods | Limitations and confoundings |
|---|---|---|
| Lipid oxidation | ||
| HNE | HPLC, GC-MS Immunoassay | |
| MDA, alkenals, alkadienals | Spectrophotometric/fluorimetric (TBARS), HPLC (UV or fluorescence)Immunoassay | Sugars, amino acids, bilirubin and albumin, hemolysis |
| F2-IsoPs | Gas/liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy techniques Immunoassay | Hemolysis Antibody specificity |
| DNA oxidation | ||
| 8oxodG, 5-chlorocytosine, 5-chlorouracil, εdA, εdC | ELISA assays, HPLC-ECD, HPLC/GC-MS | Antibody specificity |
| Protein oxidation | ||
| ALEs, AGEs | HPLC, Western blot after one-dimensional or two-dimensional electrophoretic separation, immunohistochemistry, ELISA | Structural heterogeneity of these products Antibody specificity |
| Carbonils | Spectrophotometric, HPLC, ELISA | |
| 3-NO-Tyr | HPLC/GC-MS, ELISA | Possible nitration of tyrosine residues in the sample by the presence of nitrite and the acid conditions during protein precipitation and hydrolysis Antibody specificity |
| AOPP | MS, colorimetric assays | |
| oxLDL | Immunodetection (ELISA) | Antibody specificity |
| IMA | ABC test, immunodetection (ELISA) | Sensitive to pH changes, temperature, and time of sample storage Antibody specificity |
8oxodG: 7,8-dihydroxy-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine; ABC test: binding capacity of albumin for cobalt; AGEs: advanced glycation end products; ALEs: advanced lipoxigenation end products; AOPP: advanced oxidation protein products; F2-IsoPs: F2-isoprostanes; GC: gas chromatography; HNE: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; ECD: electrochemical detection; IMA: ischemia-modified albumin; MS: mass spectroscopy; MDA: malondialdehyde; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.