Fig. 9.

The biopanning process begins with biotinylation and immobilization of a small molecule onto a surface coated with neutravidin (red). Introduction of a DNA library displaying a small number (1–15) of copies of the encoded protein, is introduced into the well and, non-binding phages removed by washing. Bound phages are eluted and amplified (E. coli BLT5615) and the process repeated until the library converges on the most avid binding target protein(s). Individual phage plaques are sequenced to determine the identity of the displayed protein