A) Gel electrophoresis image of plasmid DNA (p) treated with NPCuO (1–1000 μM) and H2O2 (50 μM) for 150 min at pH 7 (MOPS, 10 mM). Lane 0: 1 kb molecular weight ladder; 1: p; 2: p + H2O2 (50 μM), 3: p + NPCuO (1000 μM); 4: p + Cu2+ (6 μM) + ascorbate (7.5 μM) + H2O2 (50 μM); lanes 5–13: p + H2O2 (50 μM) + increasing concentrations of NPCuO (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 μM, respectively). B) Dose-response curve fitting for the gel data in A to obtain an EC50 value.