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. 2017 Jun 9;8:15756. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15756

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Schematic view comparing some examples of geometries and magnetic configurations (indicated by blue arrows) for (a) 3D and (b) 2D nanomagnetism. The dependence of the magnetization M on spatial coordinates (black arrows) is indicated for both cases. New synthesis, characterization and computational methods have the potential to make the leap to 3D. The combination of more complex magnetic states and additional degrees of freedom in 3D nanomagnets leads to the emergence of new physical phenomena, which may find applications in multiple areas. (a) Examples of 3D nanomagnets, from left to right: magnetic sphere with vortex configuration. Magnetic thin film element with a skyrmion. Symmetry breaking is caused by bulk or interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Möbius strip with perpendicular magnetization; a DW is present in the ground state due to the object's topology. Cylindrical NW with modulated diameter, with different magnetic configurations depending on the diameter. Antiferromagnetic (AF) superlattice (interlayers not shown for clarity) with a wide soliton in the middle. (b) Examples of 2D nanomagnets, from left to right: Single-domain magnet. Magnetic multi-layered element with perpendicular anisotropy. Nanostrip with protrusions for DW trapping. Bi-layered magnet with AF coupling due to indirect exchange via an interlayer (not shown for clarity).