Table 7.

Mixed method Results Demonstrating Expansion of Findings

Method	Quantitative	Qualitative
Question	Is leadership similar across levels?	How does leadership differ across levels?
Answer	In the outer context, decision makers could provide funding, policies, and support. In the inner context, leaders role modeled, provided vision for the EBI, engaged staff in the EBI, and problem-solved.	In the outer context, leaders set the stage by creating policies and supporting funding, and creating the necessary collaborations for sustainment. In the inner context, leaders worked with day-to-day exigencies of engaging and supporting providers in delivering the EBI.
Question	What aspects of outer context leadership are related to sustainment?	What additional aspects of outer context leadership are evident in sustainment?
Answer	Leadership Competence included a number of actions including: establish mission and vision, early planning for sustainment, continued planning for sustainment, developing and followed a realistic project plan, and using multiple strategies for project survival.	Outer context leadership for sustainment was characterized as supportive, perseverant, and valuing EBIs and SC. Outer context leadership took steps to institutionalize SC in the system through funding, system improvement plans, and proactive planning.
Question	What aspects of inner context leadership are related to sustainment?	What additional aspects of inner context leadership are evident in sustainment?
Answer	Transformational leadership (creating vision, engaging staff, being a role model) was associated with greater likelihood of sustainment Passive-avoidant leadership was associated with non-sustainment. Transactional leadership was not associated with sustainment	Additional leadership characteristics were also congruent with recent conceptualizations of implementation leadership as being knowledgeable about EBIs, being proactive in problem solving, and persevering through the ups-and-downs of implementation and sustainment (Aarons, Ehrhart, & Farahnak, 2014). Sustainment was associated with frontline leaders attending to how the EBI was being used and intervened as needed.