Light microscopic histological views of the modSLA and SLA implants with and without the Ti tube. Both implant types had been blasted with large-grit sand and acid-etched. The modSLA implant was further modified by being rinsed under nitrogen protection and then sealed in glass tubes containing isotonic NaCl. (A) modSLA without Ti tube. (B) modSLA with Ti tube. (C) SLA without Ti tube. (D) SLA with Ti tube. The red boxes indicate the area on the image that was further magnified on the right. The modSLA and SLA implants without Ti tubes showed good formation of cortical bone; Haversian systems (red arrowheads) are visible around the surfaces of both implants (A and C). By contrast, the modSLA and SLA implants with Ti tubes (blue arrowheads) exhibited little or no bone on their surfaces (B and D). Note that the implant surfaces in (A) and (C) were adjacent to a solid wall of bone. By contrast, the spaces between the implants and Ti tubes in (B) and (D) were empty, which indicates a lack of osteogenesis. In (A-D), the bars in the left, middle, and right images indicate 1,000 μm, 500 μm, and 50 μm, respectively (H&E).
modSLA: modified sandblasted and acid-etched, SLA: sandblasted and acid-etched, Ti: titanium, NaCl: sodium chloride, H&E: hematoxylin and eosin.