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Effects of Px and Px combined with Ex (Px+Ex) on the expressions of GnIH precursor mRNA level (A) and GnIH (B) in the diencephalon and melatonin concentrations in the diencephalon (C) and plasma (D). Each column and the vertical line represent the mean ± SEM (n = 5 samples; one sample from one bird). **, P < 0.01 versus SH; ††, P < 0.01, †, P < 0.05 Px versus Px plus Ex by one-way ANOVA, followed by Duncan's multiple range test.
