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The lichen C. vulcani. (a) As collected in the field. (b) Cross section. (c) Detailed view. The algal partner occupies 3.4 ± 1.0% (n = 18) of the lichen volume. (d) Detailed view. Appressoria, fungal hyphae that flatten against algal cells, are the sites of contact between alga and fungus. Scale bars in b–d represent 500, 100, and 5 μm, respectively. (e) The isolated partners, the fungus (Left) and green alga, T. excentrica (Right), growing in axenic culture.
