Table 2.
Factors associated with tobacco use among males 15 years and older in Ghana (GDHS 2014) and Lesotho (LDHS 2014)
| Variables | Ghana AOR (CI) |
Lesotho AOR (CI) |
X 2, (df) P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | X 2 = 1443.34 (5); p < 0.000 | ||
| 15–24 | 1 | 1 | |
| 25–34 | 5.31(3.29–8.59) | 1.67(1.32–2.11) | |
| 35–59 | 9.67(6.20–15.06) | 1.70(1.36–2.12) | |
| Level of education | X 2 = 1595.04 (7); p < 0.000 | ||
| No education | 1 | 1 | |
| Primary | 0.49(0.35–0.67) | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) | |
| Secondary | 0.19(0.14–0.25) | 0.41(0.29–0.58) | |
| Higher | 0.05(0.02–0.11) | 0.19(0.17–0.30) | |
| Residence | X 2 = 1299.57 (3); p < 0.000 | ||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | |
| Rural | 2.13(1.67–2.73) | 1.60 (1.31–1.95) | |
| Religion | X 2 = 1418.60 (7); p < 0.000 | ||
| Christian | 1 | 1 | |
| Muslim | 2.72(2.04–3.61) | 1.05 (0.21–5.28) | |
| Traditional/spiritual/no religion | 6.23(4.42–4.09) | 1.73(1.21–2.47) | |
| Other | 4.34(2.96–6.36) | 1.07 (0.44–2.59) | |
| Wealth status | X 2 = 1424.01 (9); p < 0.000 | ||
| Poorest | 1 | 1 | |
| Poorer | 0.50 (0.37–0.68) | 0.88 (0.64–1.22) | |
| Middle | 0.39(0.28–0.55) | 0.86(0.62–1.17) | |
| Richer | 0.19(0.13–0.29) | 0.70 (0.51–0.95) | |
| Richest | 0.10(0.06–0.17) | 0.39(0.51–1.12) | |
| Occupation | X 2 = 1422.30 (13); p < 0.000 | ||
| Not working | 3.93 (1.47–10.51) | – | |
| Professional | 1 | 1 | |
| Clerical | – | 1.90 (0.90–3.61) | |
| Sales | 2.68(1.08–6.53) | 1.79 (1.05–3.07) | |
| Agriculture | 9.28(4.54–18.99) | 3.5(2.27–5.52) | |
| Services | 5.21(1.89–14.34) | 1.93(1.18–3.17) | |
| Skilled | 3.45(1.58–7.54) | 3.20(2.03–5.04) | |
| Unskilled | 4.48(2.03–9.88) | 3.89(2.36–6.39) | |
| Marital status | X 2 = 1328.04 (5); p < 0.000 | ||
| Currently not married | 1 | 1 | |
| Currently married | 0.77(0.57–1.04) | 0.82(0.65–1.03) | |
| Formerly married | 1.62 (0.99–2.28) | 1.42 (0.89–2.28) | |
Computed from 2014 GDHS and 2014 LDHS
AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval Reference category = 1, df degree of freedom