Table 2.
Adolescent MR Studies of Nicotine, Ecstasy and Methamphetamine, Inhalants, and Poly-drug Use
| Authors & Year | Participants | Age | Field Strength | Modality/Task | ROI | Results | Clinical or Cognitive Correlates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nicotine | |||||||
| Jacobsen et al., 2007a | 14 SM (7F) 20 HC (12F) |
17.0 ± 0.7 16.3 ± 1.2 |
3T | DTI | CC FRO Genu ILF SLF int capsule ext capsule |
SM ↑ FA FRO SM ↑ FA int capsule |
SM ↑ FA L int capsule: ↑ reaction time during auditory attention task performance |
| Jacobsen et al., 2007c | 14 SM (8F) 16 HC (7F) |
17.0 ± 0.9 16.2 ± 1.5 |
3T | fMRI (attention) |
HIPP Insula MFG MOG lingual STG |
SM ↑ R STG | SM ↓performance accuracy |
| Jacobsen et al., 2007b | 55 SM (36F) 38 HC (22F) |
16.9 ± 1.2 16.6 ± 1.4 |
1.5T | fMRI (VWM) |
vlPFC inf PAR |
SM ↑ left vlPFC ↑ inf PAR | smoking abstinence: ↓ working memory efficiency |
| Karoly et al., 2015b | 14 MJ (3F) 34 SM (13F) 12 ALC (4F) 17 MJ + SM (4F) 17 PDU (7F) 38 HC (14F) |
15.8 ± 1.4 16.3 ± 1.2 16.0 ± 1.2 15.8 ± 1.2 15.9 ± 1.0 15.8 ± 1.2 |
3T | fMRI (MID) |
NAcc | SM ↓ NAcc during reward anticipation | no behavioral group differences |
| Peter et al., 2011 | 43 SM (19F) 43 HC (19F) |
14.4 ± 0.4 | 3T | fMRI (MID) |
VS | SM ↓ VS activation | SM ↑ reward delay discounting ↑ novelty seeking ↓ VS: ↑ smoking frequency ↓ VS: ↑ reaction time |
| Rubinstein et al., 2011b | 12 LS (5F) 12 HC (5F) |
16.3 ± 1.0 15.7 ± 1.6 |
3T | fMRI (cues) |
ACC HIPP PHP MOG |
LS ↑ activation left ACC, rHIPP, rPHP, bilat MOG to smoking cues | none reported |
| Rubinstein et al., 2011a | 12 LS (5F) 12 HC (5F) |
16.3 ± 1.0 15.7 ± 1.6 |
3T | fMRI (cues) |
insula putamen inf FRO Rolandic operculum mid OCC calcarine |
HC ↑insula, putamen, inf FRO, Rolandic operculum to food/craving cues; not in LS | none reported |
| Amphetamine-Type Stimulants: Ecstasy | |||||||
| Jacobsen et al., 2004a | 6 MDMA (4F) 6 HC (4F) |
17.3 ± 1.1 17.1 ± 1.1 |
1.5T | fMRI (VWM) |
HIPP | MDMA failed to ↓ L HIPP | MDMA ↓ L HIPP: ↑ time since last use |
| Amphetamine-Type Stimulants: Methamphetamine | |||||||
| Churchwell et al., 2012 | 9 Meth (6F) 8 Meth + MJ (5F) 10 HC (7F) |
15.6 ± 1.4 16.2 ± 1.2 15.7 ± 1.5 |
3T | MRI | striatum | Meth + MJ ↑ striatal | Meth + MJ ↑ novelty seeking ↑ meth exposure: ↑ volume & ↑ novelty seeking |
| Inhalants | |||||||
| Hong et al., 2014 | 22 IU (2F) 22 HC (4F) |
17.2 ± 1.4 16.5 ± 2.4 |
3T | MRI | caudate pallidum putamen thalamus AMYG HIPP |
IU ↓ R thalamus | ↓ R thalamus: ↑ inhalant use |
| Takagi et al., 2013 | 14 IU (8F) 11 MJ (3F) 9 HC (6F) |
17.3 ± 1.7 19.7 ± 1.7 19.5 ± 2.6 |
3T | MRI | CC | IU ↓ CC area ↓ thickness ↓ genu | none reported |
| Yuncu et al., 2015 | 19 IU (3F) 19 HC (4F) |
15.5 ± 1.0 16.1 ± 0.8 |
3T | DTI | OCC PAR TEMP |
IU ↑ AD left OCC, PAR, TEMP | IU ↓ executive functioning |
| Poly-Drug/SUD | |||||||
| Dalwani et al., 2011 | 25 PDU (0F) 19 HC (0F) |
16.6 ± 0.2 16.6 ± 0.4 |
3T | MRI | CB PFC precuneus |
PDU ↓ L DLPFC, R lingual gyrus, CB ↑ R precuneus | PDU ↓L DLPFC: ↑substance dependence severity |
| Chumachenko et al., 2015 | 25 SUD (0F) 19 HC (0F) |
16.6 ± 1.2 16.6 ± 1.6 |
3T | MRI | inf FRO Insula OFC PCC STG |
SUD ↓ PCC cortical thickness | ↓ STG CT: ↑ lifetime conduct disorder symptoms |
| Dalwani et al., 2015 | 22 PDU (all F) 21 HC (all F) |
16.1 ± 0.2 16.7 ± 0.3 |
3T | MRI | ACC DLPFC VLPFC PAR mOFC striatum |
PDU ↓ R DLPFC, L VLPFC, ACC, PAR, mOFC | none reported |
| Thatcher et al., 2010 | 24 SUD (12 F) 12 HC (6F) |
16.7 ± 1.0 16.7 ± 1.1 |
3T | DTI | SLF | SUD ↓ FA sup LF; SUD females ↓ FA than SUD males | |
| Clark et al., 2012 | 35 SUD (16F) 20 HC (11F) |
16.8 ± 1.2 16.2 ± 1.0 |
3T | DTI | PFC PAR |
SUD ↓ FA PFC, PAR | SUD ↓ FA: ↑ psychological dysregulation, ↑ marijuana symptoms |
| Weissman et al., 2015 | 50 PDU (23F) 19 HC (13F) |
16.3 ± 0.5 | 3T | RSFC | NAcc FROPAR PFC |
PDU ↑ FC NAcc and FROPAR | PDU ↑ FC: ↑ substance use onset |
| Schneider et al., 2012 | 31 PDU (16F) 31 HC (16F) |
14.6 ± 0.4 14.4 ± 0.4 |
3T | MRI fMRI (MID) |
VS | PDU ↓ VS volume, ↓ VS reward anticipation | PDU ↓ VS reward anticipation: ↑ risk-taking bias |
ACC: anterior cingulate; AD: axial diffusivity; AMYG: Amygdala; AUD: alcohol use disorder; CB: cerebellum; CC: corpus callosum; CT: cortical thickness; DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FA: fractional anisotropy; FRO: frontal; GM: gray matter; HC: healthy comparison; HIPP: hippocampus; inf: inferior; ILF: inferior longitudinal fasciculus; IU: inhalant users; VLPFC: ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; LS: light smoker; METH: methamphetamine; MFG: middle frontal gyrus; MID: monetary incentive delay; MJ: marijuana; mOFC: medial orbitofrontal cortex; MOG: middle occipital gyrus; NAcc: nucleus accumbens; OCC: occipital; PAR: parietal; PCC: posterior cingulate cortex; PHP: parahippocampus; PDU: poly-drug users; PFC: prefrontal cortex; sup: superior; SLF: superior longitudinal fasciculus; SM: smoker; STG: superior temporal gyrus; SUD: substance use disorder; TEMP: temporal; VLPFC: ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; VS: ventral striatum; VWM: verbal working memory; WM: white matter;: associated/correlated with