Table 3.
Cluster means and effect sizes on validation measures
| Core BPD (n = 83–125)a | Extravert/externalizing (n = 11–19)a | Schizotypal/paranoid (n = 9–14)a | Total (n = 103–165)a | Cohen’s d | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | 1–2 | 1–3 | 2–3 | ||
| PAI-BOR | Total | 48.45 | 9.51 | 42.95 | 11.62 | 43.46 | 11.74 | 47.37 | 10.13 | .54 | .49 | .05 |
| Identity Problems | 12.76 | 3.24 | 10.53 | 3.26 | 11.31 | 3.30 | 12.37 | 3.32 | .67 | .44 | .24 | |
| Affective Instability | 13.66 | 2.71 | 11.79 | 3.26 | 12.85 | 3.95 | 13.37 | 2.94 | .64 | .28 | .36 | |
| Negative Relationships | 12.68 | 2.95 | 11.68 | 3.30 | 12.00 | 3.14 | 12.50 | 3.01 | .33 | .23 | .10 | |
| Self-Harm | 9.34 | 4.25 | 8.95 | 4.18 | 7.31 | 4.17 | 9.13 | 4.25 | .09 | .48 | .39 | |
| BSI | Total | 1.91 | .76 | 1.49 | .89 | 1.71 | .90 | 1.84 | .79 | .53 | .24 | .28 |
| IIP | Total | 112.32 | 39.98 | 96.35 | 35.86 | 110.18 | 42.07 | 110.19 | 39.79 | .40 | .05 | .35 |
| Domineering/Controlling | 9.50 | 5.72 | 11.00 | 6.10 | 8.43 | 5.24 | 9.59 | 5.72 | .26 | .19 | .45 | |
| Vindictive/Self-Centered | 11.75 | 5.53 | 11.68 | 6.42 | 13.07 | 6.16 | 11.86 | 5.67 | .01 | .23 | .24 | |
| Cold/Distant | 13.21 | 7.41 | 12.84 | 7.09 | 13.21 | 6.39 | 13.17 | 7.24 | .05 | .00 | .05 | |
| Socially Inhibited* | 16.24 | 8.45 | 11.56 | 6.57 | 16.21 | 5.91 | 15.66 | 8.16 | .57 | .00 | .57 | |
| Overly Accomodating | 15.56 | 7.50 | 12.26 | 6.57 | 15.43 | 8.93 | 15.15 | 7.56 | .44 | .02 | .42 | |
| Non-Assertive* | 16.36 | 7.84 | 10.63 | 6.18 | 17.53 | 8.26 | 15.76 | 7.90 | .72 | .15 | .87 | |
| Self-Sacrificingb | 17.29 | 6.94 | 13.95 | 6.32 | 16.00 | 6.66 | 16.77 | 6.89 | .48 | .19 | .30 | |
| Intrusive/Needy | 12.43 | 5.45 | 12.42 | 5.27 | 10.30 | 5.32 | 12.23 | 5.42 | .00 | .39 | .39 | |
| EQ-5D | Total** | .48 | .28 | .65 | .17 | .60 | .30 | .51 | .28 | .59 | .43 | .16 |
| EQ-VAS | 57.15 | 19.29 | 62.12 | 16.64 | 70.23 | 24.61 | 58.82 | 19.76 | .25 | .65 | .40 | |
| SIPP | Self-Control | 2.10 | .60 | 2.29 | .66 | 2.17 | .55 | 2.12 | .60 | .32 | .11 | .20 |
| Identity Integration* | 1.90 | .60 | 2.42 | .65 | 1.88 | .62 | 1.95 | .63 | .83 | .03 | .86 | |
| Responsibility | 2.60 | .57 | 2.52 | .69 | 2.75 | .47 | 2.60 | .57 | .13 | .26 | .39 | |
| Relational Capacities | 2.29 | .64 | 2.50 | .62 | 2.39 | .43 | 2.32 | .63 | .34 | .16 | .18 | |
| Social Concordance | 2.78 | .60 | 2.72 | .66 | 2.83 | .45 | 2.78 | .59 | .11 | .08 | .19 | |
| ECR | Anxiety | 5.09 | 1.17 | 4.67 | .96 | 5.17 | .52 | 5.06 | 1.21 | .38 | .07 | .45 |
| Avoidance | 3.70 | 1.29 | 3.77 | 1.52 | 3.57 | 1.44 | 3.70 | 1.32 | .05 | .10 | .15 | |
| CTQ | Total | 54.78 | 19.09 | 61.09 | 22.00 | 56.22 | 19.75 | 55.58 | 19.36 | .33 | .07 | .25 |
| Emotional Abuseb | 14.22 | 6.02 | 17.55 | 6.04 | 15.22 | 6.87 | 14.66 | 6.12 | .54 | .16 | .38 | |
| Emotional Neglect | 15.13 | 5.60 | 17.45 | 6.04 | 16.22 | 6.00 | 15.48 | 5.68 | .41 | .19 | .22 | |
| Physical Abuse | 7.72 | 4.61 | 8.64 | 5.64 | 6.89 | 3.52 | 7.75 | 4.62 | .20 | .18 | .37 | |
| Physical Neglect | 8.90 | 3.58 | 9.73 | 4.10 | 9.22 | 3.27 | 9.02 | 3.59 | .23 | .09 | .14 | |
| Sexual Abuse | 8.81 | 5.55 | 7.73 | 5.97 | 8.67 | 4.90 | 8.68 | 5.50 | .20 | .03 | .17 | |
PAI-BOR Personality Assessment Inventory borderline features scale, BSI Brief Symptom Inventory, EQ-5D EuroQol EQ-5D-3 L, SIPP Severity Indices of Personality Problems, ECR Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire, CTQ Childhood Trauma Questionnaire
a= n varies due to missing values. Cohen’s d columns show effect sizes between, respectively, clusters 1–2, 1–3, and 2–3. **Significant in (M)ANOVA at p < .05. *Marginally significant in (M)ANOVA with moderate to large ES
bProbable distinguishing based on moderate ES