Table 2.
Repeated measures analyses of variance in executive function among the intervention and waitlist groups at baseline and posttreatment
| Executive function tests | Baseline | Posttreatment | F (1, 49; IA) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group (n = 38) | Waitlist group (n = 30) | Intervention group (n = 38) | Waitlist group (n = 30) | |||
| BRIEF | ||||||
| Inhibition | 17.9 ± 4.86 | 18.04 ± 4.16 | 17.13 ± 3.77 | 19.17 ± 4.84 | 5.06 | 0.03 |
| Shifting | 12.74 ± 2.67 | 12.36 ± 2.26 | 12.37 ± 2.29 | 12.30 ± 2.87 | 0.52 | 0.47 |
| Emotion control | 15.61 ± 3.87 | 16.54 ± 4.32 | 15.18 ± 4.12 | 16.90 ± 4.26 | 1.40 | 0.24 |
| Initiation | 14.03 ± 2.69 | 14.89 ± 2.97 | 14.24 ± 2.48 | 15.37 ± 3.01 | 0.67 | 0.42 |
| Working memory | 21.97 ± 2.79 | 21.33 ± 3.72 | 20.58 ± 2.84 | 21.93 ± 4.08 | 4.48 | 0.04 |
| Planning | 26.50 ± 4.79 | 26.61 ± 4.03 | 25.97 ± 3.67 | 26.97 ± 4.35 | 1.29 | 0.26 |
| Organizing | 13.16 ± 2.26 | 13.57 ± 3.05 | 12.37 ± 2.61 | 13.67 ± 3.01 | 1.16 | 0.29 |
| Monitoring | 19.18 ± 3.48 | 19.31 ± 3.31 | 18.05 ± 2.67 | 19.77 ± 3.10 | 3.91 | 0.05 |
| Total score | 141.08 ± 20.31 | 142.17 ± 18.44 | 135.89 ± 16.80 | 146.07 ± 23.92 | 3.89 | 0.05 |
| TMT | ||||||
| Ln (Trail B-A) | 5.09 ± 0.65 | 5.15 ± 0.53 | 4.71 ± 0.61 | 4.94 ± 0.59 | 0.01 | 0.92 |
| Stroop test | ||||||
| Color interference | 9.40 ± 18.55 | 7.17 ± 10.96 | 9.59 ± 7.74 | 9.20 ± 13.50 | 0.05 | 0.82 |
| Word interference | 31.24 ± 12.44 | 42.50 ± 31.42 | 27.05 ± 13.42 | 33.79 ± 17.82 | 0.86 | 0.36 |
| ROCF | ||||||
| Forgotten structure score | −0.08 ± 1.29 | −0.44 ± 1.25 | −0.19 ± 0.88 | 0.20 ± 1.21 | 4.27 | 0.05 |
| Forgotten detail score | 0.16 ± 2.39 | 0.06 ± 2.31 | 0.30 ± 2.56 | −0.07 ± 2.46 | 0.03 | 0.86 |
All data are shown as mean ± SD. BRIEF: Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function; ROCF: Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; TMT: Trail-making test; IA: Interaction; SD: Standard deviation.