Combination of SMCs and M1 induces irreversible ER stress- and JNK pathway-mediated apoptosis. Transmission electron microscopy images of HCT 116 (A) and Huh-7 cells (B) (MOI = 1 pfu/cell) treated with LCL161, M1, or LCL161 plus M1 for 72 h are shown. The red lines indicate the relative size of the ER. (Scale bars: 1 μm and 2 μm.) The effect of the LCL161 and M1 virus combination on ER stress-mediated apoptosis in HCT 116 (C) and Huh-7 cells (D) is shown. A Western blot analysis of JNK, Pho-JNK (Y183/Y185), Cas-12, and CHOP is shown. Error bars represent mean ± SD obtained from three independent experiments. Cas-12, caspase-12; M, mitochondria; N, nucleus; Pho-JNK, phosphorylated JNK.