The effect of early fractalkine release on mannose receptor expression and regulatory macrophages. (A) Combined CD86 (red) and DAPI (blue) staining. (B) Combined CD206 (green) and DAPI (blue) staining. (C) Combined CD86 (red), CD206 (green), and DAPI (blue) staining. (D) Quantitative analysis of mannose receptor-expressing cells at the distal end assessed by the marker CD206 (P = 0.022, two-tailed t test). (E) Quantitative analysis of regulatory macrophages (M2b) at the distal end by double staining with CD86 and mannose receptor (P = 0.003, two-tailed t test) (n = 5). Four weeks after implantation, the fractalkine-treated scaffold contains a higher number of mannose receptor-expressing cells and regulatory macrophages than the IL-4–treated scaffold. FKN, fractalkine.