Table 1.
Prediction of cardiac output using a single variable
| Results | ||||||
| Author, year | Patients | Population | Variables of interest | Measurement method | Nonsignificant | Significant |
| Peripheral temperature | ||||||
| Kaplan et al. 2001 [31] | 264a | Surgical ICU patients | Temp, subjective: foot (‘cool’ or ‘warm’) | PAC, technique not mentioned | – | ’Cool’ : CI = 2.9 ± 1.2 ’Warm’: CI = 4.3 ± 1.2 |
| Schey et al. 2009 [32] | 10a | Post cardiac surgery | Temp, subjective: foot: (‘cool’ or ‘cool-warm’ or ‘warm’)Temp, objective of foot | PAC, thermodilution | Tskin, objective: r = 0.11 | ’Cool’ : CO = 3.71 ’Cool-warm’: CO = 4.83 ’Warm’ : CO = 5.12 |
| Joly et al. 1969 [33] | 100 | Circulatory shock | Temp, objective: toeΔT: toe – ambient (ΔTp-a) | Indicator dilution technique | – | Tskin objective: r = 0.71 ΔTp-a: r = 0.73 |
| Woods et al. 1987 [34] | 26a | Circulatory shock | ΔT: central – toe (ΔTc-p) | PAC, thermodilution | ΔTc-p: no correlation | |
| Vincent et al. 1988 [35] | 15a | Cardiogenic and septic shock | ΔT: toe – ambient (ΔTp-a) | PAC, thermodilution | ΔTp-a in septic shock: no correlation | ΔTp-a in cardiogenic shock: r = 0.63 |
| Bailey et al. 1990b [40] | 40a | Post cardiac surgery | ΔT: central – toe (ΔTc-p) | PAC, thermodilution | ΔTc-p day of operation: no correlation | ΔTc-p postoperative day 1: r = −0.60 |
| Sommers et al. 1995 [36] | 21a | Post cardiac surgery | Tskin, objective: axillary, groin, knee, ankle, toe | PAC, thermodilution | Tskin, objective: no correlation in any site | – |
| Boerma et al. 2008 [37] | 35 | Sepsis and septic shock | ΔT: central – foot (ΔTc-p) | TEE, Doppler wave | ΔTc-p: r = −0.15 | – |
| Bourcier et al. 2016 [38] | 103a | Sepsis and septic shock | ΔT: toe – ambient (ΔTp-a) | TTE, technique not mentioned | ΔTp-a: no correlation | – |
| Capillary refill time | ||||||
| Bailey et al. 1990b [40] | 40a | Post cardiac surgery | CRT: site not mentioned | PAC, thermodilution | CRT: no correlation | – |
| Ait-Oufella et al. 2014 [39] | 59 | Septic shock | CRT: index finger | FloTrac, arterial pressure waveform analysis | CRT: no correlation | – |
| Skin mottling | ||||||
| Ait-Oufella et al. 2011 [41] | 60 | Septic shock | Mottling score: knee | TTE, Doppler wave | Mottling score: no correlation | – |
| Systemic hemodynamic variables | ||||||
| Wo et al. 1993 [42] | 256a | Severe injury and critically ill postoperative | HR, MAP | PAC, thermodilution | HR: r = 0.27, r2 = 0.07, MAP: r = −0.01, r2 = 0.0001, | MAP during severe hypotension: r = 0.50, r2 = 0.25 |
| Kuntscher et al. 2006 [43] | 16a | Major burns | Central venous pressure | Thermal dye double indicator dilution | – | Central venous pressure: r = 0.40 |
a=repeated measurements in each patient.
b=same study population.
ΔTc-p, central-to-peripheral temperature gradient (°C); ΔTp-a, peripheral-to-ambient temperature gradient (°C); CI, cardiac index (l/min/m2); CO, cardiac output (l/min); CRT, capillary refill time (s); HR, heart rate (beats/min); MAP, mean arterial pressure (mmHg); PAC, pulmonary artery catheter; TEE, transoesophageal echocardiography; Temp, temperature (°C); TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.