Table III.
Hand hygiene behaviour on inpatient paediatric or adult female wards from structured observations in 100 facilities
| Hand hygiene actions out of observed opportunities | Handwashing with water only | Handwashing with any soap | Alcohol hand sanitizer | Recommended hand hygienea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| n/N | % | n/N | % | n/N | % | n/N | % | |
| Total hand hygiene actions observed | 1921/4676 | 41 | 174/4676 | 4 | 56/4676 | 1 | 100/4676 | 2 |
| Urban facilities | 918/2283 | 40 | 121/2283 | 5 | 41/2283 | 2 | 68/2283 | 3 |
| Rural facilities | 1003/2393 | 42 | 53/2393 | 2c | 15/2393 | 1 | 32/2393 | 1 |
| Government facilities | 1278/2890 | 44 | 56/2890 | 2 | 16/2890 | 1 | 34/2890 | 1 |
| Medical college/specialized | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – |
| Maternal child welfare | 9/25 | 36 | 0/25 | 0 | 0/25 | 0 | 0/25 | 0 |
| District | 373/780 | 48b | 16/780 | 2 | 12/780 | 2 | 15/780 | 2 |
| Sub-district | 896/2085 | 43b | 40/2085 | 2 | 4/2085 | 0c | 19/2085 | 1 |
| Independent, private, and NGO facilities | 643/1786 | 36c | 118/1786 | 7c | 40/1786 | 2 | 66/1786 | 4b |
| Medical college/specialized | 58/116 | 50c | 4/116 | 3 | 0/116 | 0 | 0/25 | 0 |
| Private | 532/1500 | 35 | 92/1500 | 6c | 40/1500 | 3 | 62/1500 | 4 |
| NGO | 53/170 | 31 | 22/170 | 13c | 0/170 | 0 | 4/170 | 2 |
| All persons observed | ||||||||
| Female | 1680/3950 | 43 | 157/3950 | 4 | 41/3950 | 1 | 76/3950 | 2 |
| Male | 241/726 | 33c | 17/726 | 2 | 15/726 | 2 | 24/726 | 3 |
| Patients | 509/1006 | 51c | 14/1006 | 1c | 0/1006 | 0 | 4/1006 | 0c |
| Female | 479/900 | 53 | 14/900 | 2 | 0/900 | 0 | 4/900 | 0 |
| Male | 30/106 | 28c | 0/106 | 0 | 0/106 | 0 | 0/106 | 0 |
| Family caregivers | 1323/2751 | 48c | 93/2751 | 3 | 4/2751 | 0c | 16/2751 | 1c |
| Female | 1124/2337 | 48 | 90/2337 | 4 | 4/2337 | 0 | 16/2337 | 1 |
| Male | 199/414 | 48 | 3/414 | 1c | 0/414 | 0 | 0/414 | 0 |
| Healthcare workers | 89/919 | 10c | 67/919 | 7c | 52/919 | 6c | 80/919 | 9c |
| Female | 77/713 | 11 | 53/713 | 7 | 37/713 | 5 | 56/713 | 8 |
| Male | 12/206 | 6 | 14/206 | 7 | 15/206 | 7 | 24/206 | 12 |
| Doctors | 0/96 | 0 | 4/96 | 4ref | 6/96 | 6ref | 7/96 | 7ref |
| Nurses | 12/452 | 3ref | 29/452 | 6 | 30/452 | 7 | 48/452 | 11 |
| Lab technicians | 5/98 | 5 | 8/98 | 8 | 14/98 | 14 | 22/98 | 22b |
| Ward attendants | 14/100 | 14c | 7/100 | 7 | 2/100 | 2 | 3/100 | 3 |
| Cleaners | 58/173 | 34c | 19/173 | 11 | 0/173 | 0 | 0/173 | 0 |
ref
Reference value.
a
Recommended hand hygiene was defined as: (1) using alcohol hand sanitizer, (2) washing both hands with soap then air drying, or (3) washing both hands with soap, then drying with a clean cloth.
b
P < 0.05 and
c
P < 0.01 were calculated with generalized estimating equations.