Table 3.

Helminth products and proteins in intestinal inflammation

Molecules	Detail	Suppression	Reference
Nematode extracts and ES
Ancylostoma. caninum ES	DSS colitis	Histopathology, cytokines, weight loss	(47)
A. caninum soluble proteins	TNBS colitis in Swiss mice	Histopathology, MPO	(150)
Ancylostoma ceylanicum extract, ES	DSS colitis in BALB/c mice	Histopathology, cytokines, MPO	(20)
Trichinella spiralis larval extract	DNBS colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Histopathology, MPO, IL-1β response; raised TGF-β, IL-13	(121)
T. spiralis ES	DSS colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Histopathology, disease activity, cytokines	(184)
Nematode proteins
Anisakis simplex MIF homolog	DSS colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Disease activity index, weight loss	(23)
Brugia malayi asparaginyl-tRNA synthase	T-cell transfer model	Histopathology	(91)
B. malayi cystatin	DSS colitis in BALB/c mice	Disease activity score, histopathology	(85)
B. malayi ALT 2 protein	DSS colitis	Disease activity score, myeloperoxidase activity	(86)
Toxascaris leonina galectin	DSS colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Disease activity index, weight loss; raised TGF-β, IL-10	(87)
Trematode extracts
Schistosoma mansoni soluble proteins	TNBS colitis in Swiss mice	Histopathology, MPO, IFNγ response	(150)
S. mansoni soluble extract	T-cell transfer model	Clinical disease score, colonoscopy, myeloperoxidase	(70)
Trematode proteins
Clonorchis sinensis cystatin	DSS colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Disease activity index	(80)
S. mansoni 28-kDa glutathione S-transferase (P28GST)	TNBS colitis in rats	Reduced clinical and histological scores, 50% reduction in colonic MPO	(38)
Schistosoma japonicum cystatin	TNBS colitis in BALB/c mice	Histology, cytokine responses	(179)

ES, excitatory/secretory; MIF, migration inhibitory factor.