Table 2.

Absolute hemodynamic and thermal variables during whole body heating

	Normothermia	Mild Heating	Heat Stress	P
CHF patients
MAP, mmHg	84.8 ± 3.1	78.0 ± 2.4*	76.1 ± 2.6*§	<0.001
SkBFarm, %	100	123 ± 7†	227 ± 39*‡§	<0.001
CVCarm, %	100	134 ± 8†	251 ± 41*‡§	<0.001
Tsk, °C	33.9 ± 0.2	37.2 ± 0.2*†‡§	38.1 ± 0.1*	<0.001
Tcore, °C	36.7 ± 0.1‡	36.9 ± 0.1*†	37.2 ± 0.1*‡	<0.001
Tbody, °C	36.4 ± 0.1‡	36.9 ± 0.1*†	37.3 ± 0.1*‡	<0.001
SR, mg·cm−2·min−1	0.187 ± 0.034‡	0.318 ± 0.051*†	0.552 ± 0.076*‡	<0.001
Age-matched healthy subjects
MAP, mmHg	88.7 ± 2.2	84.6 ± 1.7*	84.2 ± 1.9*	0.007
SkBFarm, %	100	193 ± 32†	545 ± 45*‡	<0.001
CVCarm, %	100	204 ± 35†	580 ± 55*‡	<0.001
Tsk, °C	34.0 ± 0.1	37.6 ± 0.1*	38.1 ± 0.1*	<0.001
Tcore, °C	36.7 ± 0.1	36.9 ± 0.1†	37.3 ± 0.1*	<0.001
Tbody, °C	36.5 ± 0.1	36.9 ± 0.1*†	37.4 ± 0.1*	<0.001
SR, mg·cm−2·min−1	0.118 ± 0.009	0.175 ± 0.015†	0.571 ± 0.089*‡	<0.001
Young healthy subjects
MAP, mmHg	85.3 ± 1.7	81.1 ± 1.3*	78.5 ± 2.1*	<0.001
SkBFarm, %	100	227 ± 21*†	681 ± 102*	<0.001
CVCarm, %	100	239 ± 22*†	753 ± 122*	<0.001
Tsk, °C	34.2 ± 0.1	38.1 ± 0.2*	38.3 ± 0.1*	<0.001
Tcore, °C	37.0 ± 0.1	37.1 ± 0.1†	37.5 ± 0.1*	<0.001
Tbody, °C	36.7 ± 0.1	37.1 ± 0.1*†	37.6 ± 0.1*	<0.001
SR, mg·cm−2·min	0.101 ± 0.005	0.212 ± 0.049†	0.948 ± 0.102*	<0.001

Values are means ± SE. CHF, chronic heart failure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SkBF, skin blood flow; CVC, cutaneous vascular conductance; Tsk, skin temperature; Tcore, core temperature; SR, sweat rate.

^*P < 0.05 vs. normothermia.

^†P < 0.05 vs. heat stress within the subject group.

^‡P < 0.05 vs. young control subjects.

^§P < 0.05 vs. age-matched control subjects under the respective thermal condition.