Fig. 3.

Gaa^−/− bronchial rings have reduced contractile force upon exposure to MCh and potassium chloride (KCl). A and B: representative traces (A) and summary data (B) confirm that KCl induced bronchial ring contraction is more robust in WT (n = 12) than in Gaa^−/− (n = 9) bronchi. C: representative traces of MCh-induced bronchial ring force of contraction at incremental increases in concentrations in WT (n = 11) and Gaa^−/− (n = 9) mice. D: bronchial ring contraction in response to increasing doses of MCh confirmed that Gaa^−/− bronchi had a reduced force of contraction compared with WT bronchi. *P ≤ 0.05, pair-wise comparison.