Fig. 3.

Stimulation of the gut microbiota by GG is associated with protection against the development of diet-induced obesity, improved glucose tolerance, and decreased adipose tissue inflammation. A: Changes in bodyweight in C57Bl/6 mice fed a HFCFD (CTRL) or a HFCFD supplemented with RS or GG. B: Mean food intake per day during the dietary intervention. C: Mean fecal and lipid excretion per mouse per day in the sixth week of dietary intervention. D: Weight of epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), mesenteric white adipose tissue (mWAT), liver, and cecum after 18 weeks of dietary intervention. E: Plasma glucose levels of CTRL, RS, and GG mice following an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT) and areas under the curve (AUC) after 17 weeks of dietary intervention. F: Plasma insulin concentration after 5 h of fasting. G: Representative flow cytometry plots and (H) corresponding quantitative analysis of infiltrated leukocytes (CD45+) in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). I: Quantitative analysis of macrophages (F4/80+CD11B+). J: Relative expression of inflammatory genes in eWAT. Gene expression levels in CTRL mice were set at one. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Asterisks indicate significantly different compared with CTRL. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001.