Table 1.
Prevalence (including p-values for square tests) of HIV/AIDS stigmatizing behaviors among different subgroups of young Ghanaian women aged 15–24 years in Ghana according to the Ghana MICS 2011.
| At least one stigmatizing behavior |
|
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No N (%) |
Yes N (%) |
Total | p-values | |
| Age | ||||
| 15–19 | 372 (20) | 1492 (80) | 1864 (100) | .006 |
| 20–24 | 392 (23.8) | 1257 (76.2) | 1649 (100) | |
| HIV knowledge score (6-point scale: 0 = lowest, 5 = highest) | <0.001 | |||
| .00 | 3 (9.7) | 28 (90.3) | 31 (100) | |
| 1.00 | 22 (10.9) | 180 (89.0) | 202 (100) | |
| 2.00 | 59 (11.4) | 457 (88.6) | 516 (100) | |
| 3.00 | 170 (19.1) | 721 (80.9) | 891 (100) | |
| 4.00 | 261 (25.0) | 784 (75.0) | 1045 (100) | |
| 5.00 | 247 (29.9) | 579 (70.1) | 826 (100) | |
| Mass media (total) | <0.001 | |||
| Not at all | 30 (10.8) | 249 (89.2) | 279 (100) | |
| Occasionally | 103 (16.6) | 516 (83.4) | 619 (100) | |
| Moderate | 128 (21.5) | 468 (78.5) | 596 (100) | |
| Very frequent but not daily | 300 (23.9) | 954 (76.1) | 1254 (100) | |
| Daily | 204 (26.6) | 562 (73.4) | 766 (100) | |
| Formal education | <0.001 | |||
| No education | 26 (10.3) | 226 (89.7) | 252 (100) | |
| Basic education | 418 (17.8) | 1934 (82.8) | 2352 (100) | |
| Secondary/higher | 320 (35.2) | 589 (64.8) | 909 (100) | |
| Wealth index | <0.001 | |||
| Poorest | 51 (10.4) | 441 (89.6) | 492 (100) | |
| Poorer | 114 (17.6) | 535 (82.4) | 649 (100) | |
| Poor | 163 (21.1) | 610 (78.9) | 773 (100) | |
| Richer | 177 (22.9) | 597 (77.1) | 774 (100) | |
| Richest | 259 (31.4) | 566 (68.6) | 825 (100) | |
| Literacy level | <0.001 | |||
| Cannot read at all | 98 (11.6) | 746 (88.4) | 844 (100) | |
| Can read part of a sentence | 68 (14.5) | 400 (85.5) | 468 (100) | |
| Can read a whole sentence | 276 (21.6) | 1004 (78.4) | 1280 (100) | |
| Ever been tested for AIDS virus | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 195 (29.0) | 477 (71.0) | 672 (100) | |
| No | 488 (20.2) | 1925 (79.8) | 2413 (100) | |
| Area of residence | <0.001 | |||
| Urban | 502 (26.1) | 1425 (73.9) | 1927 (100) | |
| Rural | 262 (16.5) | 1325 (83.5) | 1587 (100) | |
| Region of residence | <0.001 | |||
| Western | 38 (11.7) | 288 (88.3) | 326 (100) | |
| Central | 77 (20.5) | 298 (79.5) | 375 (100) | |
| Greater Accra | 159 (25.2) | 473 (74.8) | 632 (100) | |
| Volta | 39 (14.3) | 233 (85.7) | 272 (100) | |
| Eastern | 97 (24.7) | 295 (75.3) | 392 (100) | |
| Asante | 178 (24.9) | 538 (75.1) | 716 (100) | |
| Brong Ahafo | 89 (23.3) | 293 (76.7) | 382 (100) | |
| Northern | 34 (17.3) | 162 (82.7) | 196 (100) | |
| Upper east | 31 (24.0) | 98 (76.0) | 129 (100) | |
| Upper west | 22 (23.9) | 70 (76.1) | 92 (100) | |
| Ethnicity | .001 | |||
| Akan | 389 (23.3) | 1282 (76.7) | 1671 (100) | |
| Ga Damgme | 90 (29.4) | 216 (70.6) | 306 (100) | |
| Ewe | 81 (17.3) | 388 (82.7) | 469 (100) | |
| Guan | 24 (18.0) | 109 (82.0) | 133 (100) | |
| Gruma | 15 (12.5) | 105 (87.5) | 120 (100) | |
| MoleDagbani | 119 (20.6) | 460 (79.4) | 579 (100) | |
| Grusi | 24 (17.6) | 112 (82.4) | 136 (100) | |
| Mande | 9 (24.3) | 28 (75.7) | 37 (100) | |
| Non-Ghanaian | 6 (15.4) | 33 (84.6) | 39 (100) | |
| Other ethnic | 6 (26.1) | 17 (73.9) | 23 (100) | |