Table 2.
Odds ratios from multinomial logistic regression models of predisposing, enabling and need factors associated with outpatient public and private healthcare utilization, SAGE Ghana Wave 1, 2007/08.
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Private vs. othersa |
Public vs. othersa |
Private vs. othersa |
Public vs. othersa |
Private vs. othersa |
Public vs. othersa |
|
| Predictor | OR (95% CIs) | OR (95% CIs) | OR (95% CIs) | OR (95% CIs) | OR (95% CIs) | OR (95% CIs) |
| Age group | ||||||
| 50–59 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 60–69 | 1.58 (1.1–2.25) | 1.24 (0.94–1.65) | 1.49 (1.04–2.14) | 1.09 (0.81–1.46) | 1.56 (1.08–2.25) | 1.09 (0.81–1.48) |
| 70–79 | 2.30 (1.43–3.7) | 1.59 (1.18–2.1) | 2.13 (1.3–3.5) | 1.23 (0.91–1.66) | 2.17 (1.34–3.52) | 1.24 (0.91–1.69) |
| 80+ | 1.91 (1.07–3.38) | 1.24 (0.84–1.83) | 1.72 (0.96–3.08) | 1.01 (0.68–1.49) | 1.94 (1.08–3.46) | 1.03 (0.70–1.55) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 1.31 (0.96–1.8) | 1.29 (1.04–1.61) | 1.28 (0.91–1.80) | 1.29 (1.01–1.65) | 1.26 (0.89–1.79) | 1.28 (1.0–1.63) |
| Educational level | ||||||
| No formal education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary completed or less | 2.26 (1.54–3.33) | 1.16 (0.88–1.54) | 1.96 (1.29–2.97) | 0.97 (0.73–1.27) | 1.87 (1.22–2.87) | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) |
| Secondary school completed | 4.53 (2.03–10.11) | 2.44 (1.32–4.52) | 3.01 (1.42–6.41) | 1.7 (0.89–3.23) | 2.91 (1.36–6.26) | 1.74 (0.92–3.28) |
| High school and above | 2.95 (1.86–4.69) | 1.39 (1.03–1.88) | 2.01 (1.21–3.36) | 0.84 (0.60–1.18) | 1.91 (1.13–3.22) | 0.84 (0.60–1.19) |
| Residence | ||||||
| Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Urban | 1.49 (0.92–2.43) | 1.34 (0.91–1.96) | 1.45 (0.89–2.36) | 1.34 (0.91–1.98) | ||
| Wealth quintile | ||||||
| Q1 (lowest) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Q2 | 1.58 (0.94–2.65) | 1.28 (0.91–1.80) | 1.50 (0.88–2.53) | 1.27 (0.89–1.81) | ||
| Q3 | 1.67 (1.05–2.65) | 1.31 (0.90–1.92) | 1.61 (1.01–2.57) | 1.33 (0.91–1.96) | ||
| Q4 | 2.12 (1.29–3.48) | 1.89 (1.33–2.69) | 1.98 (1.21–3.23) | 1.84 (1.28–2.64) | ||
| Q5 (Highest) | 4.41 (2.63–7.41) | 2.43 (1.55–3.82) | 4.03 (2.41–6.73) | 2.38 (1.50–3.77) | ||
| Health insurance | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.24 (0.88–1.75) | 1.98 (1.51–2.59) | 1.22 (0.87–1.73) | 1.97 (1.51–2.57) | ||
| Type of job employment | ||||||
| Public sector | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Private sector | 0.97 (0.39–2.37) | 0.66 (0.34–1.28) | 0.97 (0.40–2.36) | 0.66 (0.34–1.29) | ||
| Self-employed | 1.61 (0.90–2.90) | 0.66 (0.44–1.0) | 1.66 (0.93–2.97) | 0.68 (0.45–1.02) | ||
| Informal employment | 1.68 (0.66–4.26) | 1.12 (0.61–2.08) | 1.82 (0.70–4.75) | 1.21 (0.65–2.27) | ||
| Chronic health conditions | ||||||
| None | 1 | 1 | ||||
| One chronic condition | 1.13 (0.80–1.59) | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | ||||
| Two or more chronic conditions | 2.04 (1.29–3.22) | 1.39 (1.01–1.92) | ||||
| Self-rated health | ||||||
| Good/very good | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Moderate | 0.67 (0.49–0.93) | 0.89 (0.68–1.17) | ||||
| Bad/very bad | 0.50 (0.31–0.79) | 0.75 (0.55–1.01) | ||||
Note: aOther healthcare facility includes charity clinic, charity hospital, home visit and other.