Table 2.
Characteristics of HIV-infected patients with second line virological failure in two urban HIV clinics in Lilongwe, Malawi
| Characteristics (Categorical) | Viral load ≤ 1000 N = 341 n(column%) | Viral load > 1000 N = 35 n(column%) | Total N = 376 n(column%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years | ||||
| 15–24 | 22 (6.5) | 5 (14.3) | 27 (7.2) | |
| 25–40 | 140 (41.1) | 21 (60.0) | 161 (42.8) | |
| > 40 | 179 (52.5) | 9 (25.7) | 188 (50.0) | 0.005* |
| Gender | ||||
| female | 212 (62.2) | 22 (62.9) | 234 (62.2) | |
| male | 129 (37.8) | 13 (37.1) | 142 (37.8) | 0.936 |
| CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) | ||||
| ≥ 100 | 335 (98.5) | 27 (79.4) | 362 (96.8) | |
| < 100 | 5 (1.5) | 7 (20.6) | 12 (3.2) | <0.001* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| normal | 183 (53.7) | 24 (68.6) | 207 (55.1) | |
| underweight | 21 (6.2) | 4 (11.4) | 25 (6.7) | |
| overweight/obese | 137 (40.1) | 7 (20) | 144 (38.3) | 0.031* |
| Pill count adherence | ||||
| good (95% - 105%) | 207 (60.7) | 22 (62.9) | 229 (60.9) | |
| poor (<95% or >105%) | 134 (39.3) | 13 (37.1) | 147 (39.1) | 0.804 |
| Current boosted protease inhibitor | ||||
| atazanavir/ritonavir | 338 (99.1) | 34 (97.1) | 372 (98.9) | |
| lopinavir/ritonavir | 3 (0.9) | 1 (2.9) | 4 (1.1) | 0.325* |
| Current NRTI backbone | ||||
| ABC/3TC | 4 (1.2) | 1 (2.9) | 5 (1.3) | |
| AZT/3TC | 61 (17.9) | 6 (17.1) | 67 (17.8) | |
| TDF/3TC | 275 (80.7) | 28 (80) | 303 (80.6) | |
| d4T/3TC | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 0.583* |
| Reason for ART initiation | ||||
| WHO clinical stage III/IV | 254 (77.9) | 29 (85.3) | 283 (78.6) | |
| CD4 count below threshold | 69 (21.2) | 5 (14.7) | 74 (20.6) | |
| pregnancy/lactating | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.8) | 0.633* |
| Total bilirubin level | ||||
| elevated (>1.3 mg/dL) | 244 (72.0) | 12 (34.3) | 256 (68.5) | |
| normal (≤1.3 mg/dL) | 95 (28.0) | 23 (65.7) | 118 (31.6) | <0.001 |
| Characteristics (Continuous) | Viral Load ≤ 1000 | Viral Load > 1000 | p-value | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Total | ||
| age (years) | 41.4 (10.0) | 36.0 (9.5) | 376 | 0.0025 |
| CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) | 466.3 (241.2) | 205.6 (146.5) | 374 | <0.001 |
| time on ART (months) | 90.1 (34.9) | 88.5 (29.4) | 372 | 0.795 |
| time on second line ART (months) | 42.5 (27.7) | 35.5 (25.9) | 376 | 0.1516 |
| time on ATV/r base (months) | 9.1 (1.5) | 9.0 (1.8) | 372 | 0.7069 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 (5.1) | 23.2 (4.7) | 376 | 0.0516 |
| total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 2.4 (1.6) | 1.0 (1.1) | 374 | <0.001 |
| hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13 (2.1) | 12.1 (1.5) | 376 | 0.0144 |
*denotes Fisher’s exact test