Table 1.
The characteristic of the RCTs included in our study
| Study (year) | Population characteristics | Study design | Age (years old) | Gender | n-3PUFA dose | Duration | Control | IS measure | Compliance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rivellese 1996 [28] | 16 postmenopausal women with NIDDM and type 2B or IV hyperlipoproteinemia | RCT | 40–75 | F = 16 | 2.5 g in the first 2 mo; 1.7 g in the last 4 mo | 24w | Olive oil | Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps | Acceptable |
| Krysiak 2011 [12] | 66 Patients with lipid metabolism abnormalities | RCT | 35–70 | M = 43 F = 23 |
2 g/d | 12w | Placebo | HOMA ratio | 90%–100% |
| Rizza 2009 [13] | 50 healthy patients with ≥ 1 parent with DM2 | RCT | 29.9 ± 6.2 | M = 25 F = 25 |
2 g/d | 12w | Olive oil | QUICKI | 93% |
| Woodman 2002 [14] | 59 T2DM with oral hypoglycemic medications | RCT | 40–75 | M = 39 F = 12 |
4 g/d | 6w | Olive oil | Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps | 98% |
| Mostad 2006 [15] | 26 T2DM without hypertriacylglycerolemia | RCT | 40–75 | M = 13 F = 14 |
2.4 g/d | 9w | Corn oil | Isoglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps | 96% |
| Sarbolouki 2013 [30] | 67 patients with T2DM | RCT | 35–55 | M = 26 F = 41 |
2 g/d | 12w | Corn oil | HOMA-IR | 96% |
| Morvarid 2007 | 26 postmenopausal women with T2DM | RCT | 40–60 | F = 26 | 3 g/d | 8w | Paraffin oil | HOMA-S | 90% |
| Darshan 2011 | 34 healthy men | RCT | 39–66 | M = 34 | 3 g/d | 12w | Olive oil | HOMA-IR | 85% |
| Fakhrzadeh 2010 [39] | 134 elderly T2DM | RCT | ≥65 | F = 79 M = 55 |
1 g/d | 24w | Medium chain triglycerides oil | HOMA-IR | 93% |
| Michael 2013 | 34 non diabetic subjects with either impaired glucose tolerance impaired fasting glucose, or at least three features of the metabolic syndrome | RCT | 27–43 | M = 12 F = 22 |
4 g/d | 12w | Corn oil | Intravenous glucose tolerance tests | 97% |
| Abete 2008 [35] | 32 subjects (BMI = 31.6 ± 3.5) | RCT | 36 ± 7 | F = 14 M = 18 |
1.69 g/d | 8w | Control diet | HOMA index | 85% |
| Farsi 2013 | 45 patients with T2DM | RCT | 30–65 | NA | 4 g/d | 10w | Corn oil | QUICKI | 98% |
| Toft 1995 [48] | 78 persons with untreated hypertension | RCT | 20–61 | M = 50 F = 28 |
4 g/d | 16w | Corn oil | Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp | 96% |
| Crochemore 2012 [37] | 27 women with high blood pressure and T2DM | RCT | 60.64 ± 7.82 | F = 27 | 2.5 g/d | 4w | Gelatin | QUICKI | 100% |
| Kondo 2014 [26] | 23 postmenopausal women | RCT | 69.7 ± 6.6 | F = 23 | ≥3 g | 4w | Fish avoid intake diet | HOMA-R | 100% |