Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population, stratified according to BMI
| Variable | BMI <p 85.0th (%), n = 809 |
BMI ≥p 85.0th (%), n = 272 |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic statusa | |||
| Low | 43.3 | 39.3 | 0.082 |
| Medium | 37.8 | 36.4 | |
| High | 18.9 | 24.3 | |
| Maternal education, yeara | |||
| 0–6 | 15.3 | 7.7 | 0.008 |
| +6–12 | 47.4 | 49.8 | |
| +12 | 37.3 | 42.4 | |
| Paternal education, yeara | |||
| 0–6 | 14.8 | 10.6 | 0.023 |
| +6–12 | 47.2 | 44.1 | |
| +12 | 38.1 | 45.3 | |
| Pubertal maturationa | |||
| Prepubertal | 18.2 | 18.4 | 0.155 |
| Pubertal | 26.6 | 33.8 | |
| Postpubertal | 55.3 | 47.8 | |
| Family historyb | |||
| Obesity | 34.4 | 60.1 | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 55.8 | 62.0 | 0.073 |
| Gestational diabetes | 2.7 | 2.6 | 0.897 |
| Hypertension | 76.0 | 83.4 | 0.011 |
| Dyslipidemia | 59.5 | 69.7 | 0.003 |
| Birth weight, (g)a | |||
| <2500 | 9.2 | 6.3 | 0.056 |
| ≥2500–4000 | 85.7 | 86.1 | |
| >4000 | 5.1 | 7.5 | |
| Maternal breastfeedingb | 93.8 | 90.4 | 0.057 |
| Duration of breastfeeding, (months)a | |||
| 0–1 | 6.2 | 9.7 | 0.048 |
| >1–3 | 21.4 | 22.8 | |
| >3–6 | 21.3 | 21.7 | |
| >6 | 51.1 | 45.7 | |
| Mean ± SD | |||
| Anthropometryc | |||
| Weight, kg | 47.3 (11.0) | 59.8 (15.0) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 19.0 (2.39) | 24.4 (3.49) | <0.001 |
| BF% | 22,3 (7.8) | 32.2 (8.11) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, (cm) | 65,0 (5.8) | 76.2 (8.3) | <0.001 |
Data is shown as percentage (%) or average ± standard deviation The significant p values (p < 0.05) are given in bold
BMI body mass index, BF% body fat percentage
aSpearman correlation
bPearson’s chi-square
cStudent t test