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. 2017 Jul 4;8:156. doi: 10.1186/s13287-017-0606-2

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — E2 stimulation induces the expression of myogenic marker in female smooth muscle progenitor cells (pSMCs) (a, b). Expression levels of SMC-specific genes were analyzed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in male and female pSMCs. E2 promoted the gene expression of myogenic markers, including SM22, smoothelin, and/or α-SMA in female H9-pSMCs and HuF5-pSMCs (*p < 0.05 vs untreated cells), but not in male H1-pSMCs and HuF1-pSMCs. Student’s t test indicates significantly lower smoothelin expression at baseline (no estrogen stimulation) in female compared to male cell lines (^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01). Estrogen stimulation data analyzed by one-way and two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc test. Data shown represent the mean ± SD from three independent experiments, each performed in duplicate. F female, M male, SMA smooth muscle actin