Fig. 2.

Effects of piperine on the immune response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following acute exercise. a, b Immune cells were prepared from PBMCs. Cells were stimulated with PMA, ionomycin, and golgistop for 4 h and then stained with anti-IFN-γ and anti-IL-17 antibodies for 1 h. Flow cytometry analysis was used to gate IFN-γ⁺ T cells (T helper type 1; Th1) and IL-17⁺ T cells (Th17). The graphs show the frequencies of Th1 and Th17 cells