Table 1.

List of socioeconomic and demographic variables in the census to construct the deprivation index

Domain	Variable	Description	Rationale for chosen variable
Location	Rural residency	% of households in non-municipal areas	Literature review [20]
Demography	Unattached elderly	% of elderly persons, (aged 60 and over) living alone	Literature review [17]
	Divorced/separated/widowed	% of females aged 15 and over who are separated, divorced or widowed	Literature review [27]
	Age dependency ratio	Ratio of the population aged under 15 or over 60 to the the population aged between 15 and 60	Available census data
	Non-Thai	% of non-Thai citizens	Available census data
Education	Low education	% of persons aged over 15 years with less than primary or primary education	Literature review [23]
	Illiterate	% of persons aged over 15 years who are illiterate	Literature review [25]
Disability	Disabled	% of persons with visible disabilities	Available census data
Employment	Unemployment	% of persons aged over 15 years who are unemployed	Literature review [19, 23, 26, 27]
Housing	No dwelling ownership	% of not owning their dwelling	Literature review [19, 21, 26, 28]
	No vehicle ownership	% of households without car/motorbike	Literature review [19, 24, 28]
	No refrigerator ownership	% of households with no refrigerator	Available census data
	No television ownership	% of households with no television	Available census data
	No phone ownership	% of households without access to phone	Available census data
	No internet access	% of households without access to the Internet	Available census data
Crowdedness	Overcrowded home	% of households with more than 1 person per bedroom	Literature review and available census data [24]
	Children 3+	% of couples who are married with 3 or more children	[22]
Residential mobility	Migrant	% of persons with a different address 1 year before the census	Literature review and available census data [18, 24, 26]