Table 2.

Associations of baseline plasma ceramide concentrations and the ceramide score with cardiovascular disease.

	Quartiles of ceramide species concentration *				P trend	HR per 1 SD increment †	P value
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4
Ceramide (16:0)
Cases	38	57	57	78
MV1 ‡	Ref.	1.60 (1.00, 2.54)	1.67 (1.04, 2.67)	2.20 (1.40, 3.46)	<.001	1.43 (1.20, 1.70)	<.001
MV2 §	Ref.	1.72 (1.05, 2.81)	1.87 (1.14, 3.07)	2.39 (1.49, 3.83)	<.001	1.42 (1.19, 1.69)	<.001
Ceramide (22:0)
Cases	53	43	62	72
MV1	Ref.	0.95 (0.60, 1.50)	1.29 (0.83, 1.99)	1.89 (1.22, 2.93)	0.002	1.33 (1.12, 1.58)	0.001
MV2	Ref.	0.88 (0.54, 1.43)	1.28 (0.81, 2.02)	1.91 (1.21, 3.01)	0.003	1.32 (1.10, 1.57)	0.002
Ceramide (24:0)
Cases	48	56	59	67
MV1	Ref.	1.26 (0.80, 1.97)	1.40 (0.89, 2.18)	1.88 (1.20, 2.95)	0.006	1.29 (1.09, 1.53)	0.003
MV2	Ref.	1.20 (0.75, 1.94)	1.51 (0.94, 2.42)	1.97 (1.21, 3.20)	0.004	1.32 (1.10, 1.57)	0.002
Ceramide (24:1)
Cases	44	50	59	77
MV1	Ref.	1.07 (0.67, 1.70)	1.31 (0.82, 2.08)	1.53 (0.98, 2.37)	0.037	1.22 (1.04, 1.43)	0.015
MV2	Ref.	1.16 (0.72, 1.89)	1.44 (0.88, 2.36)	1.73 (1.09, 2.74)	0.011	1.27 (1.08, 1.49)	0.004
Ceramide score
Cases	45	51	59	75
MV1	Ref.	1.14 (0.72, 1.81)	1.53 (0.97, 2.41)	2.04 (1.30, 3.18)	<.001	1.40 (1.17, 1.66)	<.001
MV2	Ref.	1.25 (0.77, 2.03)	1.68 (1.05, 2.69)	2.18 (1.36, 3.49)	<.001	1.41 (1.17, 1.68)	<.001

Abbreviations: MV, multivariable model

^*Quartiles were calculated based on the distribution of the ceramide concentrations in the sub-cohort.

^†A logarithmic transformation was applied to the raw value.

^‡Model 1 stratified on intervention group and simultaneously adjusted for age (continuous) and sex (male, female).

^§Model 2 additionally adjusted for body mass index (kg/m², continuous), family history of premature coronary heart disease (yes, no), smoking status (current, never, former), histories of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes (all yes, no).