Figure 1.

Experimental arrays of flowers and landmarks. (a) Pre-training array. Bees were allowed to forage on a pre-training flower (red star) in a landmark-free environment for one hour. A selected bee was then observed foraging on four training flowers (yellow stars) during five foraging bouts to estimate its nectar crop capacity. (b–d) show the first, second and third experimental arrays used for testing. Each array was characterised by a unique combination of four training flowers (F1-F4) and three to four landmarks (coloured shapes). Detailed descriptions of the artificial flowers and the 3D landmarks are given in Figs S1 and S2. X- and Y-axis graduations represent the distance to the origin (down left corner) in cm.