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. 2017 Jul 4;7:4584. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04545-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) The main interfacial features observed during immiscible two-phase flow in intermediate-wet porous media (θ = 60°) at 2.8 s. (b) Curvature distribution of interfaces shown in Fig. 1(a). (c) Dynamics of concave (labelled as “1”) and convex (labelled as “2”) interfaces during displacement in the porous medium with θ = 60°. Pinning of convex interface and reverse displacement mechanism as a result of co-existence of concave and convex interface is observed. (d) Interface instability in a single pore. In the phase distribution shown in Fig. 1(a,c,d), red, blue and green represents defending fluid, invading fluid and the fluid-fluid interface, respectively. The pressure field shown in Fig. 1(c–d) indicates the pressure values normalized with respect to the outlet pressure. The direction of injection in all images is from bottom to top.